Worksheet VI: The Brain
1. The thickening along the dorsal length of a 17 day embryo is called
the __a__. This __a__ gives rise to all neurons and most
neuroglial cells. The midline of the __a__ invaginates to become the
__b__ while the sides of the __a__ grow upward and over to become
__c__. As the __c__ meet, the __b__ becomes the __d__. Most
of the PNS comes from the __c__. During the 3rd to 4th weeks of
embryological development, the anterior end of the __d__ forms 3
distinct swellings, a forebrain called the __e__, a midbrain called the
__f__, and a hindbrain called the __g__. By the 5th week of
development the __e__ divides into an anterior section called the __h__
and a posterior section called the __i__. The __f__ remains
undivided while the __g__ divides into an anterior section named the
__j__ and a posterior section called the __k__. The __l__
includes the __f__, __j__ without the cerebellum, and the __k__.
a. ____________________________
g. ___________________________
b. ____________________________
h. ____________________________
c. ____________________________
i. ____________________________
d. ____________________________
j. ___________________________
e. ____________________________
k. ___________________________
f. _____________________________
l. ____________________________
2. Identify the protective coverings and spaces of the brain based on
the descriptions given below.
a. Innermost meninx; soft mother.
_____________________________
b. Bony covering of brain.
_____________________________
c. Separation between meningeal and periosteal
layers. ____________________________
d. Composed of meningeal and periosteal
layers. _____________________________
e. Space between dura mater and
arachnoid; contains
serous fluid.
_____________________________
f. Middle meninx and net-like.
_____________________________
g. Meninx that forms falx cerebri and
cerebelli.
_____________________________
h. Meninx that forms tentorium
cerebelli.
_____________________________
i. Space that contains cerebrospinal fluid outside
of brain.___________________________
j. Penetrates into longitudinal fissue; part
of dura mater.
___________________________
k. Penetrates into transverse fissure; part of dura
mater. __________________________
l. Extensions of arachnoid meninx into dural
sinuses. _____________________________
m. Highly vascular and nourishes underlying
cells of
brain and cord.
_____________________________
n. Outermost meninx.
_____________________________
o. Formed from pia mater; secretes
CSF. _____________________________
p. Lymph-like fluid forms protective cushion
around brain. __________________________
q. Dura mater that partitions right and left
cerebellar
hemispheres.
_____________________________
r. Layer of dura mater that adheres to
bone.
_____________________________
s. Inner layer of dura mater.
_____________________________
3. Name the meninges and spaces surrounding the brain from outermost to
innermost.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
4. Inflammation of the meninges is called:
_____________________________
5. List 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
6. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the __a__ and reabsorbed in
the __b__. CSF circulates around the brain in the __c__
space and inside the brain in __d__ (number) chambers called
__e__. Two of these chambers are inside the __f__ hemispheres and
are called __g__. These 2 chambers are connected to the third
chamber, called the __h__, by the __i__ foramen. The __h__ forms
the midplane of the __j__. Finally, the last chamber, called the
__k__, is connected to the third chamber by the __l__. This last
chamber, located mostly in the __m__, is continuous with the
__n__ of the spinal cord.
a. ____________________________
h. ___________________________
b. ____________________________
i. ____________________________
c. ____________________________
j. ____________________________
d. ____________________________
k. ___________________________
e. ____________________________
l. ____________________________
f. _____________________________
m. ___________________________
g. ____________________________
n. ___________________________
7. CSF contains __a__ (more/less) Na+, __b__ (more/less) glucose,
__c__ (more/less) Cl-, __d__ (more/less) Ca++, __e__ (more/less) Mg,
__f__ (more/less) K, __g__ (more/less) H+ than plasma.
a. ____________________________
e. ___________________________
b. ____________________________
f. ____________________________
c. ____________________________
g. ____________________________
d. ____________________________
8. Identify 3 contributing structures to the blood-brain barrier.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
9. Name 2 functions of the blood-brain barrier.
_____________________________
_____________________________
10. Name 3 substances that pass through the blood-brain
barrier easily and 3 substances that are very restricted.
Restricted
Permeable
______________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
_____________________________
11. Name the 5 lobes of the telencephalon.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
12. The cerebrum has 2 areas of gray matter, an outer region
called the _____________________ and 2 large inner clusters of gray
matter called the _______________________.
13. Deep indentations on the brain's surface are called:
_____________________________.
14. Shallow indentations on the brain's surface are called:
_____________________________.
15. Elevated ridges or folds of the cerebrum are called:
_____________________________.
16. The sulcus that separates the frontal from parietal lobes is
the:__________________________.
17. The right and left hemispheres of the brain are connected by
the:________________________.
18. The ___________________ sulcus separates frontal and temporal
lobes.
19. The ____________________ fissure separates the 2 cerebral
hemispheres.
20. The _____________________ fissure separates the cerebrum from the
cerebellum.
21. Identify the lobe of the cerebrum based on the descriptions given
below.
a. Houses Wernick's area.
____________________________
b. Precentral gyrus.
____________________________
c. Postcentral gyrus.
____________________________
d. Broca's area.
____________________________
e. Premotor cortex.
____________________________
f. Auditory centers and visual memories
here. ____________________________
g. Possibly controls gastrointestinal
activity.
____________________________
h. Primary motor cortex.
____________________________
i. Somatosensory region.
____________________________
j. Prefrontal cortex.
____________________________
k. Lobe deep to lateral sulcus.
____________________________
l. Coordinates eye muscles, visual
cortex.
____________________________
m. Posteriormost lobe.
____________________________
n. Anteriormost lobe.
____________________________
22. Identify the embryonic brain region (telencephalon,
diencephalon, etc.) housing the structures listed below.
a. Medulla oblongata.
____________________________
b. Hypothalamaus.
____________________________
c. Pineal gland.
____________________________
d. Lateral ventricles.
____________________________
e. Superior and inferior colliculi.
____________________________
f. Cerebral cortex and cerebral nuclei.
____________________________
g. Olive and pyramids.
____________________________
h. Cerebellum
____________________________
i. Pons.
____________________________
j. Cerebral peduncles.
____________________________
k. Third ventricle.
____________________________
l. Red nucleus and substantia nigra.
____________________________
m. Corpus callosum.
____________________________
n. Corpus striatum.
____________________________
o. Central sulcus.
____________________________
p. Vermis.
____________________________
q. Arbor vitae.
____________________________
r. Corpora quadrigemina.
____________________________
s. Thalamus and epithalamus.
____________________________
t. Broca's area.
____________________________
u. Association fibers.
____________________________
v. Insula.
____________________________
w. Decussation of pyramids.
____________________________
x. Mammillary bodies.
____________________________
y. Nucleus cuneatus and gracilis.
____________________________
z. Pituitary gland.
____________________________
23. Identify the brain area that is specifically associated with
the function(s) given below.
a. Relay and filtering center of the
brain.
____________________________
b. Learned motor skills that are repititous; e.g.
typing
playing an instrument, etc.
____________________________
c. Autonomic NS control center.
____________________________
d. Coordinates muscle activity; maintains postural
adjustments.
____________________________
e. Conscious control of skeletal
muscles.
____________________________
f. Motor speech area; coordinates muscles of
larynx
and pharynx with respiratory muscles.
____________________________
g. Contains respiratory control centers known
as
apneustic and pneumotaxic centers.
____________________________
h. Sensory area that responds to cutaneous and
muscle
receptors.
____________________________
i. Thought, intelligence, learning,
motivation, personality. ___________________________
j. Abstract ideas, judgement,
conscience.
____________________________
k. Understanding speech, verbal articulation of
thoughts
and emotions, interprets textures and shapes of
objects. __________________________
l. Receives info from auditory and visual
centers and
allows comprehension of written and spoken language.
____________________________
m. Area responsible for visual
reflexes.
____________________________
n. Area responsible for auditory
reflexes.
____________________________
o. Area responsible for licking and swallowing
reflexes.____________________________
p. Cardiovascular regulation,
body-temperature regulation,
regulation of water and electrolyte balance,
regulation of
hunger and control of gastrointestinal activity,
regulation
of sleeping and wakefulness, sexual response, and
emotions.
___________________________
q. Secretes hormones that control and regulate
activities of other glands.
___________________________
r. Allow cerebellum to communicate with lower
brain
and spinal cord.
___________________________
24. List 4 functions attributed to the right brain and 4 functions for
the left brain.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
25. The collective electrical action of millions of neurons in
the brain gives a graphical recording called the:
_____________________________.
26. __a__ fibers include ascending and descending tracts that
transmit impulses between the cerebrum and other brain parts and the
spinal cord. __b__ fibers conduct impulses between neurons in
each cerebral hemisphere. __c__ fibers, such as the corpus callosum and
anterior commissure, allow communication between
hemispheres.
a. __________________________
b. __________________________
c. __________________________
27. The red nucleus and substantia nigra are structurally part of
the __a__, but functionally part of the __b__.
a. __________________________
b. __________________________
28. Name the 3 parts of the diencephalon.
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
29. The cone-shaped mass that extends outward from the posterior end of
the epithalamus is called the: ____________________________.
30. The pituitary gland, or __a__, is attached to the base of the
hypothalamus by a stalk called the __b__. It sits in the __c__ of
the sphenoid bone and is divided into 2 distinct glands called the
__d__ and __e__. The __d__ is a physical extension of the
hypothalamus while the __e__ is derived from nonnervous tissue.
a. ____________________________
d. ____________________________
b. ____________________________
e. ____________________________
c. ____________________________
31. Four rounded elevations on the dorsal surface of the midbrain are
collectively called the:
____________________________.
32. The 2 major parts of the metencephalon are the
__________________________ and ________________________.
33. The cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by the __a__
fissure. The two cerebellar hemispheres are united by the middle
__b__. The outer gray matter is called the __c__ while the inner
white matter is referred to as the __d__. The cerebellum
communicates with the midbrain and other superior brain areas by the
__e__; with the pons by the __f__; and with the medulla and spinal cord
by the __g__.
a. ____________________________
e. ____________________________
b. ____________________________
f. ____________________________
c. ____________________________
g. ____________________________
d. ____________________________
34. Jerky and uncoordinated movements are referred to
as: ____________________________.
35. The pyramids house ___________________ (motor/sensory)
tracts.
36. Enlargements on the lateral surface of the medulla that serve as
relay centers for information headed to cerebellar cortex from spinal
cord are the:
____________________________
37. Name 5 nuclei found in the medulla and give a function for each.
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
38. Portions of this system are located in the spinal cord, pons,
midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus. This system arouses and keeps the
cerebrum alert, monitors sensory information received by cerebrum,
helps the cerebellum activate certain motor units to maintain muscle
tone and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions.
____________________________
39. Portions of this system are found in the cerebral cortex,
hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdaloid nucleus. It is known as the
emotional brain because it links smells with emotional events and
prevents us from acting out our emotions.
____________________________
40. This system is responsible for our sleep-wake cycle.
____________________________
41. What are pyramidal tracts and what do they control?
_________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
42. Why do stroke victims often have paralysis on the opposite side of
their bodies from where the damage is in their brains?
_________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
43. Describe how the central canal and ventricles form during
embryological development. Please use
drawings._____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
44. Describe how the 5 embryonic brain regions form after the closure
of the neural folds. ______
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
45. What happens when neurons of the substantia nigra are damaged and
cannot release dopamine to the cerebral nuclei?
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
46. A patient comes to you that through a variety of tests can clearly
understand written and spoken language, but cannot verbalize his
thoughts. What area of the brain might be affected? _________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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