Worksheet VIII: Autonomic Nervous System  

1. The ANS regulates activities of ______________ and _______________ muscles and  _________________.
2. The ANS is: ____________________  (entirely motor/entirely sensory/both sensory and motor).
3. Identify the specific division (somatic efferent or autonomic) based on the statements given below.
    a.  Effector is skeletal muscle.                            ___________________________
    b. Always excitatory action on effector.            ___________________________
    c. Single motor neuron from CNS to effector.   ___________________________
    d. Neurotransmitters are ACh and NE.              ___________________________
    e. Mostly involuntary.                                        ___________________________
4.  The two principle subdivisions of the ANS are:        ___________________________
                                                                                       ___________________________

5.   The ANS almost always consists of __a__ (number) motor neurons.  The __b__ neuron runs from the CNS to a ganglion while the __c__ neuron runs from the ganglion to an effector.  Sympathetic __b__ neurons have cell bodies that originate in the __d__ gray horn from beneath the twelve __e__ vertebrae and first or second __f__ vertebrae.  Sympathetic __c__ neurons originate in __g__  ganglia that run parallel on either side of the vertebral column or in __h__ ganglia that are located anterior to the spinal cord close to abdominal arteries.  Parasympathetic __c__ neurons begin in __i__ ganglia and terminate on or within the effector.  
    Sympathetic __b__ neurons that reach a __g__ ganglion may follow one of 4 pathways.  First, the __b__ neuron may __j__ with a __c__ neuron in the __g__ganglion adjacent to its source of origin.  The __c__ nerve fiber will then pass out the __k__ (3 words) that leads into the __l__ nerve and ultimately goes to a(n) __m__ (peripheral/internal) effector.  Second, the __b__ nerve fiber may pass thru the adjacent __g__ ganglion and __n__ (ascend/descend/ascend or descend) to another __g__ ganglion and __j__ with a __c__ neuron.  The __c__ nerve fiber will then pass out the __k__ (3 words) that connects to the __l__ nerve and ultimately goes to a(n) __o__ (peripheral/internal) effector. Third, the __b__ nerve fiber passes thru the __g__ ganglion and becomes the __p__ nerve before synapsing in a  __h__ ganglion.  From the __h__ ganglion, the __c__ nerve fiber goes to a(n) __q__ (peripheral/internal) effector.  Finally, a small percentage of __b__ nerve fibers pass thru the __h__ ganglion without __j__ and directly innervate the __r__  (2 words).
    a. ___________________________            k. ____________________________
    b. ___________________________            l. ____________________________
    c. ___________________________            m. ___________________________
    d. ___________________________            n. ___________________________
    e. ___________________________            o. ___________________________
    f. ___________________________            p. ___________________________
    g. ___________________________            q. ___________________________
    h. ___________________________            r. ____________________________
    i. ___________________________
    j. ___________________________
6. A preganglionic nerve fiber runs from the CNS to a(n) __a__ and the postganglionic nerve fiber runs from __a__ to an __b__.                                          
                                a. ___________________________
                                b. ___________________________
7. Preganglionic neurons cell bodies originate from what specific locations in the CNS? ____________ ____________ ___________
8. The sympathetic division is also called the _______________________ division.
9. Identify the kind of autonomic ganglia based on the descriptions given below.
    a. Only Parasymapthetic nerve fibers synapse here.    ____________________________
    b. Positioned in or next to effector.                              ____________________________
    c. Usually 22 pairs.                                                      ____________________________
    d. Names based on arteries they are near.                    ____________________________
    e. Anterior to spinal cord.                                            ____________________________
    f. Lateral to spinal cord.                                                ____________________________
    g. Only sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse here. _________________________

10.  The ratio of synapses for preganglionic to postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division is approximately 1 to ______ (number) while in the parasympathetic division the ratio is approximately 1 to _____ (number).
11. Referring to question 5m, 3 examples of peripheral effectors are:                                                   
                                ____________________________
                                ____________________________
                                ____________________________

12. The white ramus communicans carries __a__ (preganglionic/postganglionic) nerve fibers and/while the gray ramus communicans carries __b__ (preganglionic/postganglionic) nerve fibers.

13. The cell bodies of the parasymapathetic division originate from cranial nerves: _________________, __________________, ______________________, and __________________________ and from what specific region of the spinal cord? ___________________________.
14. The alternate name for the parasympathetic division is the __________________________ division.
15. Identify the cranial nerve from the descriptions given below.
    a. Parotid salivary glands innervated.                            _____________________________
    b. Smooth muscles within eye controlling pupil size.    _____________________________
    c.  To nasal mucosa and lacrimal glands.                      _____________________________
    d.  Salivary glands-submandibular and sublingual.        _____________________________
    e.  Houses 75-90% of all preganglionic neurons in the body. ________________________
    f.  Fibers serve areas of head, neck, and upper viscera. _____________________________

16. The sacral region of the parasympathetic division serves which areas of the body?
                                _____________________________
                                _____________________________
                                _____________________________

17. Identify the division of the ANS based on the descriptions given below.
    a. Use paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia.        _____________________________
    b. Thoracolumbar.                                                  _____________________________
    c. Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers. _____________________________
    d. Use white and gray rami communicantes.          _____________________________
    e. Minimal branching of preganglionic nerve fibers at
    synapse.                                                                 _____________________________
    f.  Conserves and stores energy.                            _____________________________
    g. Releases only ACh.                                           _____________________________

18.  __________________ fibers release ACh at their junctions while _______________________ fibers release NE at their junctions.

19.  Cholinergic fibers include __a__ (all, most, some, no) preganglionic axons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, __b__ (all, most, some, no) postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division, and __c__ (all, most, some, no) postganglionic axons of the sympathetic division.
    a. _________        b. __________    c. ____________

20.  ACh is inactivated by the enzyme:            ____________________________.

21.  Adrenergic fibers include __a__ (all, most, some, no) postganglionic axons of the __b__  (sympathetic/parasympathetic) division.
    a. _____________________________        b. __________________________

22.  Chemicals formed from a 6 carbon catechol ring and an amine are called: _____________________.

23.  There are 2 kinds of ACh receptors:  ____________________ and _____________________.

24.  __a__ ACh receptors are found on __b__ (all, most, some, no) effectors innervated by PS postganglionic fibers and __c__ (all, most, some, no) effectors innervated by S postganglionic fibers.  The effect produced is (always) __d__ (excitatory/inhibitory/both excitatory and inhibitory depending on target organ).
    a. _____________________________        c. ___________________________
    c. _____________________________        d. ___________________________

25.  __a__ ACh receptors are found on both S and PS postganglionic receptors.  Binding to this receptor always is __b__ (excitatory/inhibitory).
    a. ____________________________        b. _________________________

26. Give the correct kind of receptor based on the information given below.
    a. Inhibition; relaxes smooth muscle along respiratory tract-dilates
    bronchi and bronchioles.                                      _____________________________
    b.  Operate by using secondary messengers.        _____________________________
    c. Increases metabolic activity; especially of cardiac and
    skeletal muscles.                                                  _____________________________
    d. Increases intracellular Ca++ from ER; constricts blood
    vessels and sphincters of digestive tract.             _____________________________
    e. Lowers cAMP in the cytoplasm; usually inhibits a cell’s
    activities.                                                              _____________________________
    f.  Usually inhibits what a cell does.                    _____________________________
    g. Metaprolanol and Propranolol bind to these.   _____________________________

27. Most organs have __a__; they receive fibers from the S and PS divisions.  The S division acts as the __b__ while the PS division acts as the __c__.
    a.  ___________________________        c. ___________________________
    b. ___________________________

28. List 3 exceptions to the generalization given in question 27.                                                       
                                _____________________________
                                _____________________________
                                _____________________________

29.  List 6 actions produced by the S and PS divisions.
                              S                                                                      PS
    a. ___increases heart rate___________        _______decreases heart rate______
    b. _____________________________        _____________________________
    c. _____________________________        _____________________________
    d. _____________________________        _____________________________
    e. _____________________________        _____________________________
    f. ______________________________        _____________________________
    g. _____________________________        _____________________________

30. Automatic changes made in your internal conditions in response to changes in your internal environment are called ____________________ reflexes.

31. The major control center for the ANS is the:            ____________________________.

32. Name two functional systems of the brain that regulate ANS activity.
                                ____________________________
                                ____________________________

33. _____________________ is the process in which people get constant signals  about various visceral functions (e.g. blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) and can exert control over these functions.

34. What aspects of the sympathetic system's structural design allow it to make the appropriate responses to a fight or flight situation? _________________________________________________________
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35. Why does smoking or chewing tobacco products make one's body systems more reactive? ____
_____________________________________________________________________________
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36. What is the difference between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons? _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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37. What does the term beta-blocker mean? __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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38. Describe 5 specific effects your parasympathetic system makes on your body. _____________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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39. The ANS neuron that runs from the CNS to a ganglion: ______________________________
40. The specific gland innervated by sympathetic fibers of the ANS: _______________________
41. This nerve runs from paravertebral to prevertebral ganglia in the sympathetic NS: ____________________________
42. These are the only ganglia used by the parasympathetic division: ___________________________
43. There are 3 of these ganglia positioned anterior to the vertebrae (spinal cord): _______________________
44. There are 22 pairs of these ganglia that run parallel to the vertebrae: ____________________________
45. The ANS regulates the activities of: _____________________________________________________
46.  The cranial nerves used by the Parasympathetic cranial division are: _____________________________
47. The sacral region of the parasympathetic division serves which areas (organs) of the body? ______________________________________
48.  In the sympathetic division, preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ____________________ while (and) in the parasympathetic division postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ___________________________.
49. Preganglionic neurons ________ (do/do not) possess a myelin sheath.
50. Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division usually release the neurotransmitter called: ________________________
51. Somatic motor neurons release the neurotransmitter called: ___________________________
52. Neurons in the ANS that release NE at their synapses are said to be: _________________________
53. Which division of the ANS disrupts homeostasis? ___________________________
54. Which division of the ANS has a low branching ratio between pre and postganglionic neurons? __________________________
55. Which division of the ANS is known as the craniosacral division? __________________________