Worksheet VI:
Digestive System
1. Identify the digestive process based on the information given
below.
a. Process of taking food into the oral
cavity.
_______________________________
b. Elimination of nondigestible wastes from body
cavity via anus. _________________________
c. Chewing of food.
_______________________________
d. Swallowing of food.
_______________________________
e. Alternate smooth muscle contractions that push
food
along the alimentary canal.
_______________________________
f. Transport of monomers from alimentary canal to
blood. _______________________________
g. Breaking apart fat globules into microscopic
globules. ________________________________
h. Breaking of a large food chunk into smaller
pieces;
only increases surface area; no bonds are
broken. ________________________________
i. Breaking of polymers into monomers.
________________________________
2. The tube that runs from the mouth to the anus is called the:
_______________________________.
3. Name 4 accessory organs of digestion.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
4. Identify the cavity or membrane described below.
a. Fused double-layered peritoneum that anchors small
intestine in abdominal cavity.
________________________________
b. Mesenteric cord that suspends liver from diaphragm
and anterior abdominal wall.
________________________________
c. Serous membrane that covers internal
organs. ________________________________
d. Fused double-layered peritoneum that
anchors large
intestine in abdominal cavity.
________________________________
e. Membrane that runs from liver to lesser curvature
of
stomach.
________________________________
f. Cavity where the kidneys, abdominal aorta,
pancreas,
and duodenum are found.
________________________________
g. Serous membrane that lines walls of abdominal
cavity. _______________________________
h. Membrane that runs from greater curvature of
stomach
to meet mesocolon.
________________________________
i. Cavity below the diaphragm; includes liver,
stomach,
and most organs.
________________________________
5. Give a function of serous fluid.
________________________________
6. What secretes serous fluids?
________________________________
7. Give 2 functions of mesenteries.
________________________________
________________________________
8. Give 3 causes of peritonitis.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
9. Identify the disorder of the digestive system based on the
information given below.
a. Discharge of pus at base of tooth or gum
line.
________________________________
b. Inflammation of peritoneal membranes.
________________________________
c. Leakage of acid up into lower
esophagus.
________________________________
d. Upper portion of stomach extends up into
esophagus;
allows backflow of stomach acids that cause heartburn
and muscle spasms.
________________________________
e. Caused by build up of plaque at gum line; bacteria
invade and destroy bone.
________________________________
f. Crater-like lesion in mucosal membrane of
stomach. ________________________________
g. Crater-like lesion in mucosal membrane of
duodenum. ________________________________
h. Bacteria release enzymes that degrade tooth
enamel. ________________________________
i. Condition where the skin turns yellow due
to bile
build-up.
________________________________
j. Inflammation of the liver due to viruses or
bacteria. ________________________________
k. Crystals form in gall bladder or bile
duct.
________________________________
l. Inflammation of the appendix.
________________________________
m. Scarred liver tissue due to long periods of
inflammation;
liver is very fatty.
________________________________
n. Viral infection of the parotid salivary
glands.
________________________________
o. Failure to produce lactase; results in diarrhea,
gas,
and cramps.
________________________________
10. List the 4 tunics of the alimentary tract from outermost to
innermost.
________________________________
11. Identify the tunic of the alimentary canal based on the information
given below.
a. Usually contains 2 layers of smooth
muscle.
________________________________
b. Visceral peritoneum.
________________________________
c. Myenteric plexus is found here; ANS control of
motility. _______________________________
d. Important in secretion, absorption, and
protection. ________________________________
e. Where lamina propria is found.
________________________________
f. Where muscularis mucosae is found.
________________________________
g. Mostly simple columnar epithelial
cells.
________________________________
h. Mostly mesothelium.
________________________________
i. Dense connective tissue loaded with blood
vessels,
nerves, lymph vessels, and elastic
fibers.
________________________________
j. Tunic that lines lumen.
________________________________
k. Contains submucosal plexus.
________________________________
l. Contains Brunner's glands in small
intestine.
________________________________
m. Contains Peyer's patches in small and large
intestines. _______________________________
n. Contains oblique smooth muscle in the
stomach. ________________________________
12. List, from innermost to outermost, the 3 layers of the tunic mucosa.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
13. The part of the mucosal layer composed of loose areolar
connective tissue and that is also rich in capillaries and lymph
nodules is the:
_______________________________.
14. This region of the mucosal layer produces local movements and
foldings that increase surface area.
_______________________________
15. Give 5 functions of the oral cavity.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
16. The entrance to the oral cavity, or mouth, is the
__a__. This __a__ is bounded anteriorly by the __b__, laterally
by the __c__, superiorly by the __d__, and inferiorly by the
__e__. The posterior end of the oral cavity is called the
__f__. Food is __g__ and manipulated in this cavity by the
__e__. The nasal and oral cavities are kept separate by the
__d__. The anterior 2/3 of the __d__ is called the __h__ because
it is mostly composed of the __i__ and __j__ bones. The posterior
1/3 is called the __k__ and is composed of skeletal muscle and
mucosa. The fingerlike extension of the __k__ is called the __l__.
a. ______________________________
g. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
d. ______________________________
j. _______________________________
e. ______________________________
k. _______________________________
f. _______________________________
l. _______________________________
17. Identify the structure based on the function(s) given below.
a. Helps keep food in mouth; important in
speech. _____________________________
b. Manipulates food.
_____________________________
c. Important in mastication.
_____________________________
d. Closes off nasal cavity during
deglutition.
_____________________________
e. Rough, corrugated surface, helps manipulate
food. _____________________________
f. Helps keep food in mouth; forms side of oral
cavity. _____________________________
g. Muscle that changes size of oral
orifice.
_____________________________
h. Closes off opening to respiratory tract
during deglutition. ___________________________
18. Give 4 functions for the tongue.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
19. The __a__ is a fleshy, mobile, mass of interlacing __b__ muscle
fibers covered with sensory receptors for __c__ and __d__. There
are two kinds of __b__ muscles: an __e__ set that run in 3 planes
and do not attach to bone; and an __f__ set that anchors the __a__ to
the skull, hyoid, or palate.
a. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
f. _______________________________
20. Name the 3 kinds of papillae on the tongue's surface.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
21. Identify the kind of papillae on the tongue based on the
information given below.
a. Scattered widely; Vascular core makes these
red. _______________________________
b. 10-12 large projections in a V pattern at
rear of tongue. ______________________________
c. Smallest and most numerous.
_______________________________
d. Conical, keratin makes them stiff and
white.
_______________________________
e. Provides frictional surface for licking
foods.
_______________________________
f. Important in taste; mushroom shaped.
_______________________________
g. Found only on the anterior two thirds of the
tongue. _______________________________
22. The teeth, or __a__, are located in the __b__ sockets of the
__c__ processes of the upper __d__ and lower __e__ bones. Their
base is covered by __f__ and they are anchored in place by a bone-like
material called __g__ and a ligament called the __h__ ligament.
The tooth is divided into an upper and exposed __i__ and a(n) __j__
that inserts into the bone.
a. ______________________________
f. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
d. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
e. ______________________________
j. _______________________________
23. Name the 3 layers of a tooth from outermost to
innermost. _______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
24. Identify the tooth layer based on the information given below.
a. Filled with blood vessels, nerves, and lymph
vessels. _______________________________
b. Bulk of the tooth; similar to bone.
_______________________________
c. Acellular; hardest substance in the
body.
_______________________________
d. Formed from ectoderm cells that dies after
tooth is
formed.
_______________________________
e. Root canal is continuous with this
layer.
_______________________________
25. Identify the kind of tooth based on the information given below.
a. Bulkiest of teeth; most posterior.
_______________________________
b. 2 pairs; Cone-shaped with single
root.
_______________________________
c. Chisel-shaped with single root.
_______________________________
d. Anteriormost teeth.
_______________________________
e. Usually 2 cusps; bulky; 2 or 3 roots.
_______________________________
26. Humans possess __a__ (Give number.) sets of teeth during
their lifetime. This condition is called __b__. The first
set of __c__ (Give number.) are called __d__ teeth. These emerge
between the ages of __e__. The last set of __f__ (Give number.)
teeth are called __g__ teeth. __g__ teeth emerge between the ages
of __h__.
a. ______________________________
e. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
f. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
d. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
27. Give 5 functions for saliva.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
28. Name 3 major pairs of salivary glands.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
29. Identify the kind of salivary gland based on the information given
below.
a. Largest.
_____________________________
b. Located in front of and below the
ear.
_____________________________
c. Located inferior to mandible.
_____________________________
d. Located on the sides of tongue and floor of
mouth. _____________________________
30. Name 6 components of saliva.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
31. The ANS stimulates secretion of saliva from the salivary glands
mostly by the __________________
division.
32. Describe the 3 phases of deglutition.
phase 1
____________________________________________________________________
phase 2
____________________________________________________________________
phase 3
____________________________________________________________________
33. Identify the phase of deglutition based on the information given
below.
a. Epiglottis is depressed over glottis; bolus is
propelled
towards esophagus.
______________________________
b. Tongue pushes bolus against palate into
pharynx. ______________________________
c. Voluntary phase.
______________________________
d. Peristaltic waves catch and push along
esophagus. ______________________________
34. A slimy ball of food is called a(n):
_____________________________.
35. The __a__ is where the oral, nasal, and laryngeal cavities
meet. The region nearest the oral cavity is called the __b__. The
region nearest the nasal cavity is called the __c__. The region
nearest the larynx is called the __d__.
a. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
36. The __a__ is a long tube that connects the pharynx with the
stomach. It is bordered superiorly by the __b__ sphincter and
inferiorly by the __c__ sphincter.
a. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
37. How is the tunica muscularis of the esophagus different from
most other regions of the alimentary canal?
____________________________________________________________________________
38. During __a__, 2 sets of __b__ muscles alternate contractions
to propel food onward. The __c__ __b__ muscle contracts
first and narrows the tube's diameter. The __d__ __b__
muscle contracts next and shortens the tube.
a. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
39. Give 5 functions of the stomach.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
40. Identify the macrostructure associated with or part of the stomach
based on the information provided below.
a. Sphincter at inferior end.
______________________________
b. Region of stomach nearest small
intestine.
______________________________
c. Midportion of stomach.
______________________________
d. Sphincter at superior end.
______________________________
e. Region of stomach nearest esophagus.
______________________________
f. Convex lateral surface of stomach.
______________________________
g. Concave medial surface of stomach.
______________________________
h. Large longitudinal folds of mucosal
lining.
______________________________
i. Mesenteric extension from greater
curvature.
______________________________
j. Mesenteric extension from lesser
curvature.
______________________________
k. Expanded superiolateral region of
stomach.
______________________________
41. The mucosa of the stomach is __a__ epithelium.
Depressions in the mucosa, called __b__ lead into __c__. __c__
secrete __d__. Cells that secrete mucus, called __e__ cells, line
much of the mucosa next to the lumen and the neck region of the
__b__. __f__ cells of the __c__ secrete hydrochloric acid while
__g__ cells, secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of __h__. Other
cells in the neck and __c__, called __i__ cells secrete hormones that
stimulate __f__ and __g__ cells as well as control stomach emptying.
a. ______________________________
f. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
h. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
e. ______________________________
42. How does the tunica muscularis of the stomach differ from the
rest of the alimentary canal?
________________________________________________________________________________
43. __a__ peristaltic waves are gentle, rippling, waves that
occur 3 to 4 times per minute. __b__ peristaltic waves move food
out of the fundus and mixes with acids and enzymes. __c__
peristaltic waves are the most vigorous and frequent. These waves
force chyme out the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum.
a. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
44. __a__ is the main enzyme released by the stomach. Its
inactive form is called __b__. It is activated by __c__
(low/high/neutral) pH's caused by the release of __d__ from parietal
cells. Small amounts of __e__ are also released in
adults. This enzyme breaks down __f__ found in milk
products. In infants, another enzyme is very common. This
enzyme, named __g__, breaks down the protein __h__ in milk causing milk
to __i__. This __i__ prevents rapid exit of the mother's milk
from an infant's stomach.
a. ______________________________
f. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
h. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
e. ______________________________
45. List 3 ways the stomach's lining is protected from pepsin and
HCl.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
46. List, in the correct sequence, the phases of gastric secretion.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
47. Identify the phase of gastric secretion based on the
information given below.
a. Caused by the sight, smell, or sound of
food.
_______________________________
b. Food in the stomach causes
distension.
_______________________________
c. Occurs before food enters the
stomach.
_______________________________
d. Food in the duodenum causes distension;
release of
CCK, secretin, and GIP hormones.
_______________________________
e. Release of the hormone gastrin causes greater
stomach motility and emptying.
_______________________________
48. Two main factors regulate emptying of the stomach. These are:
_______________________________
_______________________________
49. The hormone gastrin causes the cardiac sphincter to __a__
(relax/constrict), the pyloric sphincter to __b__ (relax/constrict),
and the smooth muscles of the tunica muscularis to become __c__ (more
active/less active).
a. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
50. Name two hormones that inhibit gastric emptying.
______________________________
______________________________
51. Give the approximate times of emptying for the substances
listed below.
a. Carbohydrates.
______________________________
b. Lipids.
______________________________
c. Proteins.
______________________________
52. The __a__ is an elongate gland that lies between the
greater curvature of the stomach and duodenum. It empties
secretions into the __b__ by 2 ducts. The __c__ duct unites with
the common bile duct to form the __d__. The __e__ is the shortest
of the 2 ducts and enters the __b__ 2.5 cm before the __d__. The
pancreas is divided into a(n) __f__ found near the __b__, a central
__g__, and a tapering __h__. Most of the cells in the __a__ are
__i__ cells. The __i__ cells secrete __j__. The remaining
cells are in island-like clusters and are called the __k__. The
__k__ have an __l__ (endocrine/exocrine) function.
a. ______________________________
g. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
d. ______________________________
j. _______________________________
e. ______________________________
k. _______________________________
f. _______________________________
l. ________________________________
53. The pancreatic ducts secrete water, salts, and:
_______________________________.
54. The function of the substance in question 53 is:
_________________________________________.
55. Name 4 general kinds of enzymes found in pancreatic juice and the
kind of molecule (Carbohydrate, protein, etc.) they break
down.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
56. Name two hormones that cause pancreatic secretion.
_______________________________
_______________________________
57. Which division of the ANS controls pancreatic
secretions? _______________________________
58. The liver is divided into two major lobes and two minor lobes. Name
these lobes.
Major
lobes: ____________________________
Minor
lobes: ____________________________
59. Which of the 4 lobes is the largest?
________________________________
60. Fill in the sequence of ducts that deliver bile to the
duodenum.
Bile capillaries in __a__----> __b__ and __c__
hepatic ducts---->__d__ bile duct----->joins __e__
duct from gall bladder---->continuing as __d__ bile
duct------>__f__ ------>duodenum.
a. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
f. ________________________________
61. __a__ are the functional units of the liver. Cords of __b__
cells in a hexagonal arrangement surround a central __c__.
Between the cords are __d__. These __d__ are lined with
phagocytic __e__ cells that destroy old RBCs and WBCs and bacteria.
a. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
62. Give 5 functions of hepatic cells.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
63. The liver receives a double blood supply. The __a__
brings in nutrient poor, oxygenated blood and the __b__ brings in
nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the small intestine. Blood
is returned to the heart by the __c__ uniting with the __d__ vena cava.
a. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
64. Bile is formed by the __a__ and stored in the __b__.
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
65. Fill in the blanks for the delivery sequence of bile from the
gall bladder.
Gall
bladder--->__a__duct---->__b__duct---->__c__ ampulla.
a.
______________________________
b.
______________________________
c.
______________________________
66. Which valve regulates the pancreatic juice and bile flow from the
hepatopancreatic ampulla?
______________________________
67. Name 4 substances, besides water, found in bile.
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
68. Bile salts are important in:
______________________________.
69. Name a hormone that stimulates the gall bladder to release
bile. ___________________________
70. Which division of the ANS stimulates the gall bladder?
______________________________
71. Identify the macrostructure of the small intestine based on
the information given below.
a. Terminal sphincter that leads into large
intestine. ______________________________
b. Last 12 ft section of small
intestine.
______________________________
c. First 10-12 inches of small
intestine.
______________________________
d. Entrance point for hepatopancreatic
ampulla.
______________________________
e. Middle section of small intestine.
______________________________
f. Sphincter between stomach and
duodenum.
______________________________
g. In cross-section, these are large (1 cm) folds
that
increase surface area and cause fluids to
spiral.
______________________________
72. Fill in the blanks concerning generalizations about small
intestine histology.
a. Peyer's patches ____________________
(increase/decrease/remain in equal numbers) from the
beginning to the end of the small intestine.
b. Goblet cells _______________________
(increase/decrease/remain in equal numbers) from the
beginning to the end of the small intestine.
c. Crypts of Lieberkuhn _______________________
(increase/decrease/remain in equal numbers) from the
beginning to the end of the small intestine.
d. Brunner's glands _______________________
(increase/decrease/remain in equal numbers) from the
beginning to the end of the small intestine.
e. Plicae _______________________
(increase/decrease/remain in equal numbers) from the
beginning to the end of the small intestine.
73. The mucosa of the small intestine is __a__ epithelium.
Depressions in the mucosa, called __b__ lead into __c__. __c__
secrete __d__. Cells that secrete mucus, called __e__ cells, line
the mucosa next to the lumen and __f__ (increase/decrease) in
number towards the __g__ (What region of SI?). Most
of the other cells, called __h__ cells (These look like Bart Simpson.),
release digestive __i__.
a. ______________________________
f. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
h. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
e. ______________________________
74. Name 4 modifications of the small intestine that increase
absorptive surface area.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
75. Name the 4 general kinds of enzymes found in intestinal juice.
____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
76. Name 3 specific kinds of amylases found in intestinal
juice. Also give what specific molecule they break
down.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
77. Name 2 specific kinds of proteases.
_____________________________
_____________________________
78. How do the proteases from the small intestine differ in function
from those in pancreatic juice?
______________________________________________________________
79. Name 2 hormones that stimulate production of intestinal
juice. ____________________________
_____________________________
80. a. If starch is a polymer, then a(n)
________________________ is a monomer.
b. If protein is a polymer, then a(n)
________________________ is a monomer.
c. If DNA is a polymer, then a(n)
__________________________ is a monomer.
d. Triglycerides, a kind of ________________, are
degraded into _____________________ and 2
_________________.
81. As the stomach empties acidic chyme into the duodenum, list 3
responses your body needs to make.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
82. Carbohydrates are absorbed as __a__. Glucose and
galactose are absorbed by __b__ (What process?) while fructose is
absorbed by __c__ (What process?). These __a__ are carried to the
liver by the __d__ (What vessel?).
a. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
83. Proteins are absorbed as __a__. Most __a__ are absorbed by
__b__ (What process?) coupled with __c__ (What ion?). These __a__
are carried to the liver by the __d__ (What vessel?).
a. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
84. Nucleic acids are absorbed as __a__ and __b__.
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
85. Large fat globules are __a__ into microscopic fat globules by
__b__. Lipases then break down triglycerides into __c__ and
__d__. Short-chained __d__ are absorbed by simple __e__ (What
process?). Long-chained __d__ are surrounded by 20-50 molecules
of __f__ forming units called __g__. __g__ diffuse into the brush
border epithelium leaving the __f__ behind. Once in the cell, the __c__
and __d__ are recombined to form __h__. These __h__ are then
combined with phospholipids, cholesterol, and a(n) __i__ coat to form
__j__. __j__ leave the epithelium via a lymphatic capillary
called the __k__. The lymphatic vessels eventually return these
__j__ to the __l__ (Which organ?).
a. ______________________________
g. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
i. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
j. _______________________________
e. ______________________________
k. ______________________________
f. ______________________________
l. _______________________________
86. Name 2 differences between LDLs and HDLs.
________________________________________
__________________________________________
87. How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
_____________________________.
88. Water soluble vitamins are absorbed by what
process? _____________________________
89. List, from beginning to end, the 4 regions of the large intestine.
____________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
90. Give 5 functions for the large intestine.
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
91. Identify the macrostructure of the large intestine based on the
information given below.
a. A blind, dead-end sac.
______________________________
b. Main region of large intestine.
______________________________
c. 3 longitudinally thickened bands.
______________________________
d. Pouches formed by muscle
contractions.
______________________________
e. Part of LI that runs under and in front of the
liver. ______________________________
f. Part of LI that runs down left side of lower
abdomen. ______________________________
g. Part of LI that forms an S curve towards the
rectum. ______________________________
h. Fat-filled pouches attached to taeniae
coli.
______________________________
i. Part of LI that runs up right side of
abdomen.
______________________________
j. Last 3 cm of LI.
______________________________
k. Terminal opening of LI.
______________________________
l. Main area of waste compaction.
______________________________
92. Give 2 unique features of the epithelium of the large intestine.
_____________________________
______________________________
93. Identify the mechanical action occuring in the LI.
a. 3-12 contractions/min.
______________________________
b. Haustra relax, fill, distend; then contract and
squeeze
contents into next haustrum.
______________________________
c. Strong muscle contraction that begins in middle of
transverse colon and drives feces into
rectum.
______________________________
94. Give 3 reasons E. coli bacteria are important in your large
intestine?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
95. The anus is guarded by 2 muscles. The __a__ is composed
of smooth muscle and is under __b__ (voluntary/involuntary) control.
The __c__ is composed of skeletal muscle and is under __d__
(voluntary/involuntary) control. Stretching of the rectal wall
sends impulses to higher brain centers allowing initiation of the __e__
reflex. The substance __e__ is called __f__.
a. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
f. _______________________________
96. The bacterial breakdown of carbohydrates often results in gases
such as H2, CO2, and CH4 forming and being discharged. The
collective name for these gases is __a__ and the discharge process is
called __b__.
a. _______________________________
b. ________________________________
97. Identify the region of the alimentary tract or the accessory organ
based on the information given below.
a. Organ has 3 layers of smooth muscle.
_____________________________
b. Large, deep red organ, in upper
abdomen.
_____________________________
c. Main organ of absorption.
_____________________________
d. Stores and concentrates bile.
_____________________________
e. Manufactures bile.
_____________________________
f. Compact wastes; reabsorbs water.
_____________________________
g. Tube that connects pharynx with
stomach.
_____________________________
h. Main organ of food storage.
_____________________________
i. Tunic muscularis is about half skeletal and half
smooth
muscle.
_____________________________
j. Composed of acinar cells and Islets of
Langerhans. _____________________________
k. Secretes water, mucin, amylase, and
antibacterial agents. _________________________
l. Stores absorbed nutrients as
glycogen.
_____________________________
m. Pear-shaped sac embedded in visceral surface of
liver. ____________________________
98. Identify the type of epithelial tissue that predominates in the
mucosa of a particular region of the alimentary canal.
a. Mouth.
_____________________________
b. Esophagus.
_____________________________
c. Stomach.
_____________________________
d. Small intestine.
_____________________________
e. Large intestine.
_____________________________
f. Anal canal.
_____________________________
99. Which one is better to have high levels of: HDLs or LDLs?
Why?____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
100. What do you call a big, white animal that looks like a
tooth? _______________________________
101. Why does a dentist remove tartar or plaque from your teeth?
______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
102. Why does a hiatal hernia result in heartburn and back pain?
_______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
103. Why is rennin an important stomach enzyme in babies?
_________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
104. Why is it a bad idea to drink alcohol on an empty stomach?
________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
105. Can a person that has their gall bladder removed still
digest fats? Why? _____________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
106. What is the purpose of the hepatic portal system?
_______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
107. Why are Brunner's glands in greatest abundance in the duodenum?
_________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
108. Identify the region of the alimentary canal based on the
histological information given below.
a. Presence of parietal
cells......................................
_______________________________
b. No villi, many goblet cells at surface and in
crypts.. _______________________________
c. Brunner's glands
present.........................................
_______________________________
d. Chief cells present
.................................................
_______________________________
e. Brush border cells numerous in proportion to
other cells. _____________________________
f. Stratified squamous epithelium present
.................. _______________________________
109. Put the structures below in the correct sequence in terms of how
they would be encountered during food passage along the gut.
oral orifice cecum
accessory duct opening oral cavity
ileocecal junction rectum
anal canal anus
descending colon ascending colon
jejunum fauces
esophageal sphincter oropharynx
hepatopancreatic ampulla cardiac
sphincter
pyloric sphincter stomach
esophagus ileum
transverse colon sigmoid colon
duodenum
Answers: Worksheet VI-Digestive System
1. a. Ingestion
f.
Absorption
b. Defecation
g.
Emulsification
c. Mastication
h.
Mechanical Digestion
d. Deglutition
i.
Chemical digestion
e. Peristalsis
2. alimentary tract (canal)
3. Liver, Salivary glands, Pancreas, Gall Bladder.
4. a. Mesentery
f.
Retroperitoneal cavity
b. Falciform ligament
g. Parietal peritoneum
c. Visceral peritoneum
h.
Greater omentum
d. Mesocolon
i.
Abdominal cavity
e. Lesser omentum
5. Lubricates body organs to reduce friction.
6. Serous membranes such as the parietal and visceral peritoneums
7. Anchors organs in place./Provides pathway for blood vessels and
nerves to and from organs.
8. Ulcers/Puncture wound/Ruptured appendix.
9. a. Pyorrhea
h.
Dental carie
b. Peritonitis
i.
Jaundice
c. Heartburn
j.
Hepatitis
d. Hiatal hernia
k.
Gallstones
e. Periodontal disease
l.
Appendicitis
f. Gastric ulcer
m.
Cirrhosis
g. Duodenal ulcer
n. Mumps
o.
Lactose intolerance
10. Tunicas: serosa, muscularis,submucosa, mucosa.
11. a. T. muscularis
h. T.
serosa
b. T. serosa
i.
T. submucosa
c. T. muscularis
j. T.
mucosa
d. T. mucosa
k. T.
submucosa
e. T. mucosa
l. T.
submucosa
f. T. mucosa
m. T.
submucosa
g. T. mucosa
n. T.
muscularis
12. Epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosae.
13. lamina propria
14. Muscularis mucosae
15. Ingestion, Mechanical and some chemical digestion,
mastication, Deglutition, Speech.
16. a. oral orifice
g.
masticated
b. lips
h. hard palate
c. cheeks
i.
maxillary (palatine)
d. palate
j.
palatine (maxillary)
e. tongue
k. soft
palate
f. oropharynx
l. uvula
17. a. Lips (cheeks)
e. Hard
palate
b. Tongue
f. Cheeks
c. Teeth
g.
Orbicularis oris
d. Soft palate
h.
Epiglottis
18. Manipulates food under proper teeth./Mixes food with
saliva./Taste./Speech.
19. a. tongue
d. touch
(taste)
b. skeletal
e.
intrinsic
c. taste (touch)
f.
extrinsic
20. Filiform, fungiform, circumvallate.
21. a. Fungiform
e.
Filiform
b. Circumvallate
f.
Fungiform
c. Filiform
g.
Filiform
d. Filiform
22. a. dentes
f. gums
(gingivae)
b. alveolar
g.
cementum
c. alveolar
h.
periodontal
d. maxillary
i. crown
e. mandible
j. root
23. Enamel, dentine, pulp cavity.
24. a. Pulp cavity
d. Enamel
b. Dentine
e. Pulp
cavity
c. Enamel
25. a. Molars
d.
Incisors
b. Canines
e.
Premolars
c. Incisors
26. a. 2
e. 6 month and 2 1/2 years
b. diphyodont
f. 32
c. 20
g. permanent
d. deciduous (milk)
h. 6 and 17 years
27. Solvent that cleanses teeth./Dissolves food for taste./Contains
enzymes for digestion./Lubricates food for swallowing./Has
antibacterial agents.
28. Parotid,Submandibular, Sublingual.
29. a. Parotid
c.
Submandibular
b. Parotid
d.
Sublingual
30. Water, salivary amylase, mucin, electrolytes, wastes, lysozymes,
buffers.
31. parasympathetic
32. Buccal-tongue pushes bolus against palate and
into pharynx; voluntary.
Pharyngeal-Larynx elevated; epiglottis depressed over glottis; muscles
propel bolus into esophagus.
Esophageal-opening of esophageal sphincter; peristalsis begins.
33. a. Pharyngeal
c. Buccal
b. Buccal
d.
Esophageal
34. bolus
35. a. pharynx
c.
nasopharynx
b. oropharynx
d.
laryngopharynx
36. a. esophagus
b. esophageal
c. cardiac
37. Superior 1/3 is skeletal muscle, inferior 1/3 is smooth
muscle, middle 1/3 is half and half.
38. a. peristalsis
c.
circular
b. smooth
d.
longitudinal
39. Food storage./Mixes food-mechanical digestion./Chemical
digestion with pepsin./Acids kill bacteria./Limited amount of
absorption occurs.
40. a. Pyloric sphincter
g.
Lesser curvature
b. Pyloric region
h. Rugae
c. Body
i. Greater omentum
d. Cardiac sphincter
j. Lesser omentum
e. Cardiac region
k. Fundus
f. Greater curvature
41. a. simple columnar
f.
Parietal
b. gastric pits
g. chief
c. gastric glands
h. pepsin
d. gastric juice
i.
enteroendocrine
e. mucus neck cells
42. The tunica muscularis in the stomach has 3 layers of smooth
muscle instead of the usual 2 layers.
43. a. Slow
c.Strong
b. High
44. a. Pepsin
f. fats
(lipids)
b. pepsinogen
g.
rennin
c. low
h. casein
d. HCl
i. curdle (curdling)
e. gastric lipase
45. Keeps enzymes and HCl in inactive forms when not filled with
food./Has a thick mucus lining./Enzymes and acid are only released when
food is present.
46. Cephalic, gastric, intestinal phases.
47. a. Cephalic
d.
Intestinal
b. Gastric
e.
Gastric
c. Cephalic
48. Distension and the hormone gastrin; also enterogastrin.
49. a. constrict
c. more
active
b. relax
50. Cholecystokinin, secretin, and Gastric inhibitory peptide
51. a. 2-3 hours
c. 3-5
hours
b. 4-6 hours
52. a. pancreas
g. body
b. duodenum (small intestine)
h. tail
c. pancreatic
i. acinar
d. hepatopancreatic ampulla
j. pancreatic juice
e. accessory
k.
Islets of Langerhans
f. head
l. endocrine
53. sodium bicarbonate
54. neutralizes stomach acids coming into duodenum.
55. Amylases-starches; Proteases-proteins;Lipases-lipids
(triglycerides);Nucleases-Nucleic acids; cholesterol esterase breaks
down cholesterol.
56. Secretin and CCK.
57. Parasympathetic
58. Right and Left Lobes; Quadrate and caudate lobes.
59. Right lobe
60. a. liver
d. common
b. right (left)
e. cystic
c. left (right)
f.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
61. a. Lobules
d.
sinusoids
b. hepatic
e.
Kupffer's
c. vein
62. Produce bile./Pick up and store nutrients./Detoxify drugs and
poisons./Form urea./Stores fat-soluble vitamins.etc.
63. a. hepatic artery
c.
hepatic veins
b. portal vein
d.
inferior
64. a. liver
b. gall bladder
65. a. cystic
b. common bile
c.hepatopancreatic
66. Sphincter of Oddi
67. Bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments-bilirubin, sodium
bicarbonate.
68. Fat emulsification, absorption, and fat-soluble vitamin absorption.
69. Secretin and CCK.
70. Parasympathetic
71. a. Ileocecal valve
e.
Jejunum
b. Ileum
f. Pyloric
c. Duodenum
g.
Plicae circulares
d. Duodenum
72. a. increase
d.
decrease
b. increase
e.
decrease
c. decrease
73. a. simple columnar epithelium
f. increase
b. Crypts of Leiberkuhn
g. ileum
c. intestinal glands
h. brush border
d. intestinal juice
i. enzymes
e. goblet
74. 21 ft length is folded./Plicae./villi./microvilli.
75. Amylases-starches; Proteases-proteins;Lipases-lipids
(triglycerides);Nucleases-Nucleic acids.
76. Sucrase-sucrose;lactase-lactose;maltase-maltose.
77. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase.
78. They split proteins between different amino acids.
79. Secretin and CCK.
80. a. monosaccharide
c. nucleotide
b. amino acid
d.
lipid, monoglycerides, fatty acids
81. Secretin and CCK stimulate the pancreas to release pancreatic
juice; stimulate the gall bladder to release bile; and inhibit gastric
emptying.
82. a. monosaccharides
c. facilitated diffusion
b. active cotransport with Na+
d. hepatic portal vein
83. a. amino acids
c. Na+
b. active cotransport
d.
hepatic portal vein
84. a. pentoses
b. N
bases
85. a. emulsified
g.
micelles
b. bile
h. triglycerides
c. monoglycerides
i. protein
d. fatty acids
j.
chylomicrons
e. diffusion
k.
lacteal
f. bile salts
l. liver
86. LDLs are lighter than HDLs./HDLs transport and rid your body
of cholesterol more efficiently than LDLs.
87. In the micelles.
88. Diffusion
89. Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal.
90. Absorption (minor function)./Manufacture of Vitamin K and
some B./Formation of feces./Compacts and holds wastes./Water
reabsorption./Defecation.
91. a. Cecum
g.
Sigmoid colon
b. Colon
h.
Epiploic appendages
c. Taeniae coli
i.
Ascending colon
d. Haustra
j. Anal
canal
e. Transverse colon
k. Anus
f. Descending colon
l. Rectum
92. Mostly goblet cells present; no plicae or villi.
93. a. Peristalsis
c. Mass
peristalsis
b. Haustral churning
94. Manufacture Vitamin K and some B's./Break down some proteins
and return some amino acids; decompose bilirubin to urobilinogen.
95. a. internal sphincter
d.
voluntary
b. involuntary
e.
defecation (defecated)
c. external sphincter
f. feces
96. a. flatus
b. flatulation
97. a. Stomach
h.
Stomach
b. Liver
i. Esophagus
c. Small intestine
j. Pancreas
d. Gall bladder
k.
Salivary glands
e. Liver
l. Liver
f. Large intestine
m. Gall bladder.
g. Esophagus
98. a. Stratified squamous
d.
Simple columnar
b. Stratified squamous
e.
Simple columnar
c. Simple columnar
f. Stratified squamous
99. HDLs remove cholesterol from your system and prevent fatty
acid and cholesterol build up on the tunica intima of blood vessels.
100. A molar bear!!
101. Plaque is the result of bacteria action. If it is not
removed, the plaque pushes the gum away from the tooth allowing
bacteria to penetrate more deeply to the root. If the root is
destroyed, you lose the tooth.
102. A hiatal hernia is an inferior expansion of the esophagus and
elimination of the cardiac sphincter. Stomach acids easily enter
the esophageal tissue, especially in the horizontal position, and
inflame the muscle. The inflammation is perceived as a burning
sensation in the chest. The back pain is a result of muscle spasms in
the esophagus.
103. Rennin coagulates (or curds) milk. A liquid diet would pass
through an infant's digestive tract much too rapidly if was not
curdled, or semisolid.
104. The stomach has minimal absorption abilities, but alcohol is one
of the few substances that pass through the stomach lining into the
bloodstream very rapidly.
105. The answer is usually yes for two reasons. 1) The liver, not
the gall bladder, is the source of bile synthesis. Therefore, a
fatty meal still encounters bile. 2) Secondly, the contingent of
lipases are still released from the pancreas, duodenum, and salivary
glands-these cause fat digestion. These enzymes alone are very
inefficient without the emulsifying agent, bile.
106. A portal system is a second area of capillaries within the
circulation pathway. Normally, blood flows out of the heart to
the tissues where substances are exchanged in capillaries and then the
deoxygenated and nutrient poor blood returns to the heart. A
portal system places a second capillary bed in this circuitry.
The hepatic portal system is strategically placed between the small
intestine and the liver because the absorbed nutrients are taken
directly to the liver for storage. Were all the nutrients to stay in
the blood, other substances including gases, hormones, and enzymes
would be less efficiently delivered to the appropriate target
structures.
107. Brunner's glands release an alkaline mucus that protects the
duodenum from incoming acidic chyme from the stomach.
108. a. stomach
d. stomach
b. colon
e. small
intestine
c. small intestine (duodenum)
f. mouth, esophagus, anal canal
109. oral orifice-oral cavity-fauces-oropharynx-esophageal
sphincter-esophagus-cardiac sphincter-stomach-pyloric
sphincter-duodenum-accessory duct opening-hepatopancreatic
ampulla-jejunum-ileum-ileocecal junction-cecum-ascending
colon-transverse colon-descending colon-sigmoid colon-rectum-anal
canal-anus