Worksheet VIII:
Excretory System
1. The elimination of waste products of metabolism and the
removal of surplus substances from the body is called:
_______________________________
2. List 4 other (besides the kidney) organs of excretion and list
the substances they excrete.
Organ
Substances excreted
__________________
________________________________
__________________
________________________________
__________________
________________________________
__________________
________________________________
3. Give 5 functions of the kidney.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
4. List the major organs of the urinary tract.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
5. Identify the macrostructure of the kidney based on the information
given below.
a. Outermost dense fibrous connective tissue; anchors
kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding
structures. _______________________________
b. Bean-shaped organ; 12 X 6 X 3 cm.
_______________________________
c. Fatty mass that holds kidney in place; cushions
against blows.
_______________________________
d. Outer region of kidney; houses renal
corpuscles. _______________________________
e. Expanded area inside kidney near hilus that
receives
formed urine.
_______________________________
f. Duct that drains the kidney.
_______________________________
g. Vessel that brings nutrients and oxygen to the
kidney. _______________________________
h. Vessel that removes carbon dioxide and reabsorbed
nutrients from the kidney.
________________________________
i. Innermost region of kidney; primarily composed of
tubules.
________________________________
j. Layer closest to kidney; protective.
________________________________
k. Entrance/exit point for major vessels and
ureter. ________________________________
l. Cone-shaped tissue masses of microscopic tubules;
in medulla region.
________________________________
m. Branches of pelvis into medulla.
________________________________
n. Tip of renal pyramid facing renal
pelvis.
________________________________
o. Areas of connective tissue in medulla that
separate
renal pyramids.
________________________________
p. Subdivisions of major calyces.
________________________________
6. The functional unit of the kidney is the:
_______________________________.
7. List, in the correct sequence, the major structures that urine
passes through as it is formed by the kidney.
_____________kidney______________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
______________outside____________
8. Identify the microstructure of the kidney based on the information
given below.
a. Ball of capillaries found in cortex.
________________________________
b. Tubule of nephron that descends through
medulla. ________________________________
c. Blind, enlarged, cup-like structure that encloses
glomerulus.
________________________________
d. Tubule of nephron that empties into
collecting duct. ________________________________
e. Tubule that ascends through medulla.
________________________________
f. Tubule closest to beginning of
nephron.
________________________________
g. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
________________________________
h. Large tubule that receives many tubules
from many
nephrons.
________________________________
i. Capillary bed that surrounds tubules in
medulla. ________________________________
j. Area where an afferent arteriole contacts distal
convoluted tubule.
________________________________
k. Kind of nephron that is found mostly in the
cortex. ________________________________
l. Kind of nephron found extensively in
medulla.
________________________________
m. These tubules merge to form papillary
ducts.
________________________________
9. A plasma-derived substance that passes out of glomerulus into
Bowman's capsule is called:
_______________________________.
10. __a__ is a cup-shaped structure that encloses a capillary bed
called the __b__. __a__ and the __b__ it encloses is called a(n)
__c__. __a__ has 2 layers, an outer layer of simple squamous
epithelium called the __d__ layer and an inner layer of __e__ called
the __f__ layer. The __d__ layer is for structural support while
the __f__ layer functions in __g__. __e__ are highly
branched epithelial cells with 'feet', or __h__, that cling to the
basement membrane of the glomerulus. Openings between __h__ are
important in __g__.
a. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
f. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
g. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
h. ________________________________
11. Identify the part of the nephron based on the information given
below.
a. Simple squamous epithelium; freely permeable to
water. _____________________________
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium with dense
microvilli. _______________________________
c. Simple cuboidal or slightly columnar; impermeable
to water.
_______________________________
d. Simple cuboidal epithelium with almost no
microvilli. _______________________________
e. Houses macula densa.
_______________________________
f. Also called 'thin' segment.
_______________________________
g. Also called 'thick' segment.
_______________________________
12. The __a__ is located where a coiling distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
contacts an afferent arteriole. At this point of contact, the
arteriole wall has enlarged __b__ cells. These __b__ contain granules
of __c__ and also receptors, called __d__, for blood pressure.
Most of the DCT has __e__ shaped cells, but in the region of the __a__,
the cells are __f__ shaped and closely packed. These __f__ shaped
cells are called the __g__ and contain receptors, called __h__, for
detecting changes in solute concentration.
a. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
f. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
g. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
h. ________________________________
13. Collecting ducts merge to form larger ducts called __a__
ducts. __a__ ducts merge to form __b__, __b__ merge to form __c__, and
__c__ empty urine into the __d__.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. ________________________________
14. Starting with the glomerulus, outline the parts of the nephron and
other micro and macrostructures that filtrate/urine passes through on
its way to the outside._________________glomerulus___________
_nephron
part: _________________________
_nephron
part: _________________________
_nephron
part: _________________________
_nephron
part: _________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
___________ureter_______________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_____________outside_____________
15. Name the 2 capillary beds found in the kidney.
________________________________
________________________________
16. Fill in the blanks for the sequence of blood flow in and out
of the kidney.
Renal artery -----> __a__ ----->arcuate
artery---->interlobular artery---->__b__----->__c__----->
__d__---->__e__---->interlobular
vein---->__f__----->interlobar vein----->__g__.
a. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
f. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
g. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
17. The peritubular capillary bed that surrounds the loop of Henle is
called the _____________________.
18. What is the significance of the structural arrangement of the
peritubular capillary bed and the nephron?
___________________________________________________________________________________
19. Of the 180 liters of blood filtered by the kidney, how much urine,
on average, leaves the body?
_______________________________
20. Name the 3 major processes that are important in urine formation.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
21. _________________________ is a passive, selective process, by which
fluids and solutes are forced through a membrane under hydrostatic
pressure. This process separates substances based on size.
22. Give 2 reasons why the kidney forms 180 liters of filtrate
each day compared to the 3-4 liters that are formed by most other parts
of the body.
______________________________________
______________________________________
23. Name the 3 layers of the filtration membrane that blood must be
forced out of to get into the nephron.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
24. Give 5 examples of substances that pass easily through the
filtration membrane of Bowman's capsule and one group of substances
that do not pass through.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
Does not pass through:
_________________________
25. Name 5 factors that affect glomerular filtration.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
26. Increasing the diameter of the afferent arteriole will
______________________ (increase/decrease/ not affect) glomerular
filtration rate (GFR).
27. Increasing the diameter of the efferent arteriole will
______________________ (increase/decrease/ not affect) glomerular
filtration rate (GFR).
28. Decreasing blood pressure will ______________________
(increase/decrease/ not affect) glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
29. Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla will cause the
release of __a__ and __b__ hormones. These hormones cause vaso__c__
(constriction/dilation) of the afferent arteriole in the kidney.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
30. __a__ is a local response by the kidney to changes in blood flow or
pressure. The __b__ mechanism affects the diameter afferent
arteriole. The __c__ mechanism affects the diameter of the
efferent arteriole. Both __b__ and __c__ mechanisms work
when increased blood flow causes __d__ (increased/decreased) stretch of
__e__ muscle in the vessel wall. As __e__ muscle is stretched, it
__f__ (contracts/relaxes) and __g__ (increases/decreases) the diameter
of the vessel.
a. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
f. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
g. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
31. The __a__ mechanism works when mechanoreceptors in the
juxtaglomerular apparatus detect __b__ (increased/decreased) blood
pressure. __b__ blood pressure causes the release of the hormone __c__
which initiates several reactions that results in the formation of
__d__. __d__ is a powerful vaso__e__ (constrictor/dilator).
Vaso__e__ results in a(n) __f__ (increase/decrease) of blood pressure.
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
f. ________________________________
32. Filtrate contains everything blood plasma does except:
______________________________.
33. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in what part of the nephron?
_____________________________
34. Tubule cells of the PCT are united by __a__; therefore solutes and
water must pass __b__ (through/between) cells to return to the
circulation.
a. ______________________________
b. _______________________________
35. Solutes and water pass through 3 membranes to get back into the
blood. Name these membranes in the correct sequence from filtrate
to blood.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
36. List 5 substances that are actively transported back into the
blood.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
37. Specifically, what type of active transport is used to return
leaked plasma proteins?
_______________________________
38. What happens to plasma proteins once they are brought inside
the tubule cell?
______________________________________
39. Three forms of passive tubular reabsorption occur in the
kidney. They are:
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
40. Passive gradients are often established by __a__ (What
process?). For example, if Na+ are __a__ into the tubule cell,
this creates a __b__ (high/low) concentration of Na+ in the tubule
cell. Therefore, Na+ will passively __c__ (What process?) into
the blood. Concurrently, as Na+ are removed from the filtrate,
the relative concentration of the filtrate __d__ (increases/decreases)
because it has more __e__ and less solute. If __e__ is in __f__
(high/low) concentration in the filtrate, it will also move __g__
(into/out of) the tubule cell by __h__ (What process?). The process
described in the previous 2 sentences is called __i__.
a. ______________________________
f. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
g. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
h. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
i. ________________________________
e. ______________________________
41. ____________________ occurs when water moves out of tubules and,
byt its absence, creates a high concentration of solutes in the
tubules; the solutes will then diffuse out.
42. Name 2 substances that move out by solvent drag.
______________________________
______________________________
43. Name 2 substances that have a very low reabsorption rate.
______________________________
______________________________
44. Identify the region of the nephron or if the collecting duct
is indicated based on the information given below.
a. Water moves out by osmosis; but not hormonally
controlled.
______________________________
b. Impermeable to water; Na+ and Cl- move out by
active transport.
______________________________
c. Almost all nutrients move out here.
______________________________
d. Na+, H+, K+, HCO3-, and Cl-; urea; water by
osmosis, but is hormonally regulated.
______________________________
e. Na+ by active transport, but regulated by
aldosterone;
water by osmosis, but is hormonally
regulated.
______________________________
45. Name 3 hormones that affect water reabsorption and if they are
secreted, how they affect reabsorption.
Hormone
Effect
___________________
__________________________________________________
___________________
__________________________________________________
___________________
__________________________________________________
46. _____________________ helps move substances such as H+, K+,
creatinine, ammonia, drugs, toxins, and organic acids from the blood to
the tubule cells to the filtrate.
47. Why is the process in question 46 important?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
48. Identify the disorder or disease of the excretory system and
respiratory system based on the information given below.
a. Calcium carbonate crystals form in the renal
pelvis or ureter. __________________________
b. Kidneys drop in position due to emaciation;
ureter could
become kinked and prevent drainage.
________________________________
c. CNS is so depressed that a person enters a coma
and
dies; blood pH is below 7.0.
________________________________
d. NS is overexcited causing tetany, nervousness, and
convulsions; blood pH is above 7.8.
________________________________
e. Caused by failure of respiratory system to
eliminate
CO2 from the blood; pH falls.
________________________________
f. Rising pH and bicarbonate levels; caused by
excessive
vomiting or too many antacids.
________________________________
g. Too much CO2 is eliminated; caused by
hyperventilation. _____________________________
h. Caused by too much alcohol and excessive loss of
bicarbonate ions; excessive exercise can
cause.
_______________________________
49. Name 3 buffer systems.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
50. The most plentiful and powerful of the 3 buffer systems if the:
________________________________
51. In the __a__ buffer system, __b__ (H2CO3) and __c__
(NaHCO3)are the buffers. If a strong acid, such as HCl, is added,
__d__ (Choose from your answers in b and c.) reacts with the acid and
forms __e__ and __f__. The buffer, __d__, turns a strong acid
into a(n) __g__ and a(n) __h__. If a strong base, such as NaOH,
is added, it reacts with __i__ (Choose from your answers in b and c.)
and forms __j__ and __k__. The buffer, __i__, turns a strong base
into a(n) __l__ and __k__. The __a__ ion is closely regulated by
the __m__ (Give organ.)
a. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
i. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
j. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
k. ________________________________
e. ______________________________
l. _______________________________
f. ______________________________
m. ________________________________
g. ______________________________
52. The kidney can regulate pH. If the pH drops too low, the
blood vessels will secrete __a__ ions into the kidney tubules and
retain __b__ ions. If the pH goes too high, the blood vessels
will secrete __c__ ions into the kidney tubules and retain __d__ ions.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. ________________________________
53. Identify the terms of solute measurement.
a. Unit of measure for osmolarity.
_____________________________
b. 0.001 osmols =
_____________________________
c. Number of solute particles dissolved in one liter
of water. ___________________________
54. Body fluids have an osmolarity of:
_____________________________.
55. Urine osmolarity ranges from ________________ to
________________ milliosmols.
56. Give the approximate osmolarity (in milliosmols) of the
filtrate in the regions indicated.
a. Bowman's capsule.
__________________
b. PCT.
__________________
c. Descending LH, near cortex.
__________________
d. Descending LH, in middle of medulla.
__________________
e. At bottom of LH near pelvis.
__________________
f. Ascending LH, in middle of medulla.
__________________
g. Ascending LH, near cortex.
__________________
h. DCT.
__________________
57. Give the approximate osmolarity (in milliosmols) of the
interstitial fluid in the areas indicated.
a. Cortex.
__________________
b. Upper medulla around LH.
__________________
c. Middle medulla around LH.
__________________
d. Lower (nearest renal pelvis) medulla around
LH.
__________________
58. _______________________ means fluids are flowing in opposite
directions.
59. The filtrate that enters the PCT is __a__
(isosmotic/hypoosmotic/hyperosmotic) with the interstitial fluid.
As the filtrate descends in the descending LH, the interstitial fluid
is becoming more __b__ (isosmotic/ hypoosmotic/hyperosmotic) and
the filtrate (also) becomes __c__ (isosmotic/ hypoosmotic/hyperosmotic)
because the tubule cells of the descending LH are __d__
(permeable/impermeable) to water and __e__ (permeable/impermeable) to
solutes. Therefore, water __f__ (moves in/moves out) of the
filtrate creating a more __c__ (isosmotic/hypoosmotic/ hyperosmotic)
filtrate. The tubule cells of the ascending LH are __g__
(permeable/impermeable) to water. Additionally, tubule cells of
the ascending LH actively pump __h__ ions out into the interstitial
fluid making this fluid more __i__
(isosmotic/hypoosmotic/hyperosmotic). The __j__ (greater/lower)
solute concentration in the interstitial fluid draws more __k__ out of
the descending LH. As more __k__ is pulled out of the descending
LH, more __h__ ions become available in the ascending LH to be pumped
out into the interstitial fluid. This cycle is at least partially
responsible for the __l__ (isosmotic/hypoosmotic/ hyperosmotic)
condition of the interstitial fluid in the medulla and for the ability
of the kidney to form a(n) __m__ urine. The collecting duct also
contributes to the __l__ of the interstitial fluid because it is
permeable to the solute and waste __n__.
a. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
i. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
j. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
k. ________________________________
e. ______________________________
l. _________________________________
f. ______________________________
m. ________________________________
g. ______________________________
n. _________________________________
60. Give 2 functions of the vasa recta.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
61. What is the significance of the slow blood flow in the vasa recta?
___________________________
_______________________________________________________________
62. A dilute urine will be formed when ADH is __a__
(present/absent). The
__a__ of ADH __b__ (allows water to pass out/prevents water from
passing out) of the collecting duct and DCT into the vasa recta.
The tubule cells of the CD and DCT become __c__ (permeable/impermeable)
to water. The urine formed may achieve an osmolarity of __d__.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. ________________________________
63. A concentrated urine will be formed when ADH is __a__
(present/absent). The __a__
of ADH __b__ (allows water to pass out/prevents water from passing out)
of the collecting duct and DCT into the vasa recta. The tubule
cells of the CD and DCT are, therefore, __c__ (permeable/impermeable)
to water. The urine formed may achieve an osmolarity of __d__.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. ________________________________
64. Any substance that increases urine formation is a(n):
_______________________________.
65. Name 4 diuretics or conditions that create high urine production.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
66. Give the requested information about urine.
a. Normal urine color.
_______________________________
b. Odor.
_______________________________
c. pH.
_______________________________
d. Specific gravity.
_______________________________
67. List 7 substances normally found in urine.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
68. Name 5 factors that affect urine production.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
69. List, from outermost to innermost, the tunics of the
ureter. _______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
70. The middle tunic of the ureter is the __a__. It is composed
of __b__ muscle, an outer __c__ __b__ muscle and an inner
__d__ __b__. Besides gravity, urine can be moved to the
bladder by __e__ (What process?)
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
71. Give the location of the bladder in:
a. Males.
_______________________________
b. females.
_______________________________
72. The area of the urinary bladder where the 2 ureters enter and the
urethra exits is called the:
_______________________________.
73. List, from outermost to innermost, the tunics of the
bladder. _______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
74. Identify the tunic of the bladder based on the information given
below.
a. Composed of fibrous connective
tissue.
_______________________________
b. The detrusor muscle.
_______________________________
c. Transitional epithelium.
_______________________________
75. The middle tunic of the urinary bladder is called the __a__.
It is composed of 3 layers of __b__ muscle. The inner layer is
__c__ __b__ muscle, the middle layer is __d__ __b__ muscle,
and the outer layer is __e__ __b__ muscle. These 3 muscle
layers are collectively called the __f__ muscle.
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
f. _________________________________
76. What is the advantage of transitional epithelium tissue in the
bladder? ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
77. The tube that drains the urinary bladder is called the __a__.
In females, it is approximately __b__ centimeters long, is tightly
bound to the __c__ wall, and exits through the __d__. In males,
it is approximately __e__ centimeters long and exits out the __f__.
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
f. _________________________________
78. The epithelium of the urethra changes from __a__ to __b__ to
__c__.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
79. The process of eliminating urine from the bladder is called:
______________________________.
80. Name the 2 sphincters that control micturition and indicate if they
are voluntarily or involuntarily controlled.
____________________________________
____________________________________
81. The average volume of a urinary bladder is approximately
__a__ ml. To undergo __b__, stretch receptors in the bladder are
activated and send impulses to the brain. The brain sends out
impulses via the __c__ division of the ANS causing the detrusor muscle
to __d__ (contract/relax) and the internal urethral sphincter to __e__
(contract/relax). __b__ can occur when the external urethral
sphincter is __f__ (voluntarily/ involuntarily) __g__
(contracted/relaxed).
a. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
f. ________________________________
c. ______________________________
g. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
82. Why does a starving person have a greater risk of developing
ptosis? _______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
83. What functional significance is applied to a cell that has many
microvilli? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
84. Kangaroo rats form one of the most concentrated urines
known. What structural differences, compared to a human kidney,
would you expect to observe in their kidney? ______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
85. Why does one urinate frequently when drinking alcoholic beverages?
_____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
86. Why does one urinate frequently when drinking coffee or tea?
_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
87. Explain solvent drag.
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
88. Explain how active transport of ions (e.g. Na+) helps passive
processes in the kidney. __________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
89. How does a urologist at a urologists' convention check if the
microphone is turned on?
_________________________________________________________________________________
Answers: Worksheet VIII-Excretory System
1. excretion
2. Skin-urea, ammonia, salts, and water.
Lungs-carbon dioxide and water.
Intestines-iron and calcium.
Liver-bilirubin, cholesterol, via intestines; urea
via kidney and skin.
3. Regulates blood volume and composition./Regulates
pH./Eliminates foreign substances such as drugs and toxins./Endocrine
functions-renin and erythropoietin./Metabolizes Vitamin D to active
form.
4. Kidneys-Ureter-Bladder-Urethra.
5. a. Renal fascia
i.
Medulla
b. Kidney
j. Renal
capsule
c. Adipose capsule
k. Hilus
d. Cortex
l. Renal
pyramids
e. Renal pelvis
m.
Calyces
f. Ureter
n. Renal
papilla
g. Renal artery
o. Renal
columns
h. Renal vein
p. Minor
calyces
6. nephron
7. Kidney-ureter-urinary bladder-urethra-outside
8. a. Glomerulus
h.
Collecting duct
b. Descending Loop of Henle (LH)
i. Vasa recta
c. Bowman's capsule
j. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
d. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
k. Cortical nephron
e. Ascending LH
l. Juxtamedullary nephron
f. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
m. Collecting ducts
g. Renal corpuscle
9. filtrate
10. a. Bowman's capsule
e.
podocytes
b. glomerulus
f.
visceral
c. renal corpuscle
g. filtration
d. parietal
h.
pedicels
11. a. Descending LH
e. DCT
b. PCT
f. Descending LH
c. Ascending LH
g. Ascending LH
d. DCT
12. a. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
e. cuboidally
b. smooth muscle
f. columnarly
c. renin
g. macula densa
d. mechanoreceptors
h. chemoreceptors
(osmoreceptors)
13. a. papillary
c. major
calyces
b. minor calyces
d. renal pelvis
14. glomerulus-Bowman's
capsule-PCT-LH-DCT-Collecting duct-papillary duct-minor calyces-major
calyces-renal pelvis-ureter-urinary bladder-urethra-outside.
15. glomerulus and peritubular capillary bed
16. a. interlobar artery
e.
peritubular capillary bed
b. afferent arteriole
f. arcuate vein
c. glomerulus
g. renal
vein
d. efferent arteriole
17. vasa recta
18. It allows reabsorbed nutrients easy access to return to the main
circulation.
19. ~ 1.5 l
20. Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular
secretion.
21. Filtration
22. Hydrostatic pressure is higher (55 mmHg) in
glomerulus./Capillaries are heavily fenestrated.
23. Fenestrated capillary endothelium, visceral layer of BC,
basement membrane.
24. Water, glucose, amino acids, urea, ions, etc.; proteins
larger than 9 nm do not pass through.
25. Afferent arteriole diameter, arterial blood pressure,
efferent arteriole diameter, autoregulation, sympathetic controls.
26. increase
27. decrease
28. decrease
29. a. NE
c. constriction
b. E
30. a. Autoregulation
e. smooth
b. afferent
f.
contracts
c. efferent
g.
decreases
d. increased
31. a. renin-angiotensin
d.
angiotensin II
b. decreased
e.
constrictor
c. renin
f. increased
32. proteins larger than 9 nm.
33. PCT
34. a. tight junctions
b.
through
35. luminal membrane of tubule cell, basolateral membrane of
tubule cell, endothelial membrane of capillary.
36. Glucose, amino acids, lactate, vitamins, most ions, plasma
proteins.
37. pinocytosis (endocytosis)
38. They are enzymatically broken down into amino acids and the amino
acids are used by the tubule cell or released back into the blood.
39. diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis.
40. a. active transport (actively
transported) f. high
b. high
g. into
c. diffuse
h.
osmosis
d. decreases
i.
obligatory water reabsorption
e. water
41. Solvent drag
42. Urea and fatty acids
43. urea, creatinine, uric acid.
44. a. Descending LH
d. DCT
b. Ascending LH
e. DCT
c. PCT
45. ADH-makes DCT and CD more permeable to water;
therefore water moves back into blood.
Aldosterone-Causes Na+ to be reabsorbed; water
follows Na+ back into blood.
Atrial natriuretic factor-Inhibits Na+ reabsorption;
water follows out of body with Na+.
46. Secretion
47. Helps control pH./Eliminates toxins and
wastes./Gets rid of excess K+.
48. a. Kidney stones
e. Respiratory acidosis
b. Ptosis
f.
Metabolic alkalosis
c. Acidosis
g.
Respiratory alkalosis
d. Alkalosis
h.
Metabolic acidosis
49. Bicarbonate, Protein, and Phosphate.
50. Protein
51. a. Bicarbonate
h. salt
b. Carbonic acid
i. Carbonic acid
c. Sodium bicarbonate
j. Sodium bicarbonate
d. Sodium bicarbonate
k. water (H2O)
e. Carbonic acid
l.
weak base
f. NaCl (salt)
m.
kidneys
g. weak acid
52. a. H+
c. bicarbonate
b. bicarbonate (HCO3-)
d. H+
53. a. osmol
c.
osmolarity
b. 1 milliosmol
54. ~ 300 mosm
55. 65 to 1200 mosm
56. a. 300
e. 1200
b. 300
f. 500-600
c. 300-400
g.
100-200 (About 200 less than 'c'
d. 600-700
h. 200
57. a. 300
c. 600-800
b. 400
d. 1200
58. Countercurrent
59. a. isosmotic
h.
Na+
b. hyperosmotic
i.
hyperosmotic
c. hyperosmotic
j.
greater
d. permeable
k. water
e. impermeable
l.
hyperosmotic
f. moves out
m.
concentrated
g. impermeable
n. urea
60. Acts as countercurrent exchanger with LH and CD./Delivers
nutrients to tubule cells./Does not destroy gradient.
61. This prevents the destruction of the gradient in the interstitial
fluid that is so important to forming a concentrated urine.
62. a. absent (absence)
c.
impermeable
b. prevents water from passing out
d. 65 mosm
63. a. present
c.
permeable
b. allows water to pass out
d. 1200 mosm
64. diuretic
65. high blood glucose as in diabetes./high protein
diets./alcohol./caffeine.
66. a. Clear to deep yellow
c. 6
b. Slightly aromatic
d. 1.001 to 1.035
67. water, urea, sodium, K+, phosphate, sulfates, uric acid,
creatinine, calcium, bicarbonate ions. etc.
68. Blood pressure, Hormones-aldosterone and ADH, temperature,
diuretics, emotions.
69. Adventitia,muscularis, mucosa.
70. a. muscularis
d.
longitudinal
b. smooth
e.
peristalsis
c. circular
71. Males-anterior to rectum.
Females-anterior to vagina and uterus.
72. trigone
73. Adventitia, muscularis, mucosa.
74. a. Adventitia
c. Mucosa
b. Muscularis
75. a. muscularis
d.
circular
b. smooth
e.
longitudinal
c. longitudinal
f.
detrusor
76. Prevents leakage of urine out of bladder when full.
77. a. urethra
d.
urethral aperture (orifice)
b. 3-4
e. 20
c. vaginal
f. penis
78. a. transitional
c.
stratified squamous
b. pseudostratified
79. micturition (urination)
80. Internal urethral sphincter-involuntary
External urethral sphincter-voluntary after 2 yrs of
age.
81. a. 500 ml
e. relax
b. micturition
f.
voluntarily
c. parasympathetic
g. relaxed
d. contract
82. Starvation taps into a person's adipose tissue. Ptosis
results when the adipose capsule of the kidney is reduced. The
kidney drops in position and the ureter becomes kinked.
83. Brush border cells and cuboidal cells of the proximal convoluted
tubules both are important in absorption. Microvilli increase the
absorptive surface area of a cell many times.
84. Kangaroo rats have very long loops of Henle and collecting
ducts. It is in the loop of Henle and CDs where urine
concentration occurs.
85. Alcohol inhibits release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.
Without ADH, water stays in the collecting duct and passes out with the
urine.
86. Caffeine, found in coffee and tea, increases the GFR by
causing renal vasodilation. Renal vasodilation results in more
blood flow through the kidney, which increases urine formation.
87.
88.
89. testes, testes, testes???