Worksheet IX:
Reproductive System
1. What is the function of your reproductive
system?
________________________________
2. The female gonad is called the _______________________ and the
male gonad is called the
____________________________.
3. Identify the process associated with the reproductive system
based on the definitions given below.
a. Union of a sperm and egg.
________________________________
b. Giving birth.
________________________________
c. Process of egg formation in the
ovary.
________________________________
d. Process by which sperm are formed in
testes. ________________________________
e. Process by which spermatids mature into
spermatozoans. _____________________________
f. Rupture of the secondary oocyte out of the ovary
wall. ________________________________
g. Attachment of fertilized ovum to uterine
wall.
________________________________
h. Blood loss from the uterine wall out the vaginal
canal. ________________________________
4. Identify the part of the male reproductive macrostructure based on
the information given below.
a. Site where sperm are formed.
________________________________
b. Site of sperm maturation, storage, and
reabsorption of
degenerating spermatozoans.
________________________________
c. Cutaneous ourpocketing of abdomen.
________________________________
d. Intromittive organ.
________________________________
e. Tube that conducts sperm from testes to
urethra. ________________________________
f. Tube that conducts sperm out the
penis.
________________________________
5. The __a__ is an outpocketing of the abdomen and houses the
__b__. The __c__ smooth muscle of the __a__ causes the skin to
wrinkle while the __d__ skeletal muscle elevates the __b__ during cold
conditions or sexual arousal.
a. _______________________________
c. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
d. __________________________________
6. What is the best temperature for sperm development?
_________________________
7. The male gonad, or __a__, is divided into __b__. Each __b__
houses 1 to 3 tightly coiled __c__ tubules. The __c__ tubules are
the site of __d__ (What process?).
a. _______________________________
c. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
d. __________________________________
8. Identify the cell type of the seminiferous tubule based on the
information given below.
a. Diploid cell that divides by meiosis.
______________________________
b. Found between developing sperm cells and extend
to the basement membrane.
______________________________
c. Diploid cells on outer surface of
tubule.
______________________________
d. Haploid cells at the end of meiosis
I.
______________________________
e. Haploid cells at the end of meiosis
II.
______________________________
f. Cells with flagella on the luminal surface
of tubule. ______________________________
g. Form blood-testis barrier.
______________________________
h. Cells outside tubule that secrete
testosterone. ______________________________
9. Give 3 functions of Sertoli cells.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
10. Give 3 functions of the epididymis.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
11. A vasectomy results when the ______________________________ is cut.
12. The __a__ joins the scrotal cavity with the abdominal cavity.
The __b__ passes through this __a__.
a. _______________________________
b. __________________________________
13. The penis is divided into 3 parts: __a__, __b__, and
the __c__. The __a__ is the inferior region of the penis, muscle
activity here causes constriction or dilation. The __b__ contains
3 cylindrical masses of tissue filled with sinuses. Dilation of
the arteries leading into these sinuses along with constriction at the
__a__ is what causes an __d__. Additionally, muscle activity in
this region is what causes propulsion of sperm from the urethra,
a process called __e__. The slightly enlarged, acorn-shaped
region is called the __c__. It contains the exit point for sperm and
urine called the __f__.
a. _______________________________
d. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
e. __________________________________
c. _______________________________
f. __________________________________
14. The process of sperm formation is called __a__. Diploid
cells, called __b__, on the outer surface of the seminiferous tubule
divide __c__ (mitotically/meiotically) to produce diploid __d__. These
__d__ enlarge and undergo __e__ (mitotis/meiosis) to produce haploid
__f__. At the end of meiosis I, the haploid cells are called
__g__ and at the end of meiosis II the haploid cells are called
__f__. __h__ (Give number.) __f__ result from each meiotic
division. Maturation of __f__ into __i__ is called __j__.
__i__ are divided into 3 parts: a __k__, __l__, and __m__. The
__k__ contains the nucleus and enzyme housing granules called the
__n__. The __l__ is loaded with mitochondria for energy
production. The __m__ propels the __i__ to the ovum.
a. _______________________________
i. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
j. __________________________________
c. _______________________________
k. __________________________________
d. _______________________________
l. __________________________________
e. _______________________________
m. __________________________________
f. _______________________________
n. __________________________________
g. _______________________________
h. _______________________________
15. Identify the accessory gland associated with the male reproductive
system.
a. Single, doughnut-shaped gland.
_______________________________
b. Paired, convoluted, pouch-like structures at base
of
bladder in front of rectum.
_______________________________
c. Paired, pea-sized glands on each side of
urethra. _______________________________
d. Secretes alkaline viscous fluid of fructose,
prostaglandins,
and fibrinogen.
_______________________________
e. Secretes a milkly, acidic, fluid of citric acid,
clotting enzymes
acid phosphatase, and fibrinolysin.
_______________________________
f. Secretes lubricant for urethra to decrease number
of injured
sperm.
_______________________________
16. ______________________ is a mixture of sperm and secretions
from accessory sexual glands.
17. Give the range for a normal sperm count.
_______________________________
18. Why is semen slightly alkaline?
____________________________________________
19. A sperm count below 20 million will not usually result in
fertilization. If only one sperm fertilizes the egg, why are more
than 20 million needed? ________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
20. Identify the part of the female reproductive system
based on the descriptions given below.
a. Site of implantation and fetus
development.
_______________________________
b. Birth canal.
_______________________________
c. External genitalia of the female.
_______________________________
d. Paired almond sized glands where eggs are
produced. _______________________________
e. Divided into fundus, body, and
cervix.
________________________________
f. Site that receives penis.
________________________________
g. Tubules that collect secondary oocyte and
transport it
to the uterus.
________________________________
h. Anchored by mesovarium.
________________________________
i. Homologous to testes.
________________________________
j. Inferior narrowed region between vagina and
uterus. ________________________________
k. Region of vulva anterior to vaginal
orifice; elevated
by adipose tissue.
________________________________
l. Small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and
nerve endings. ___________________________
m. Two longitudinal folds on each side of vaginal
orifice. ________________________________
n. Two folds medial to labia majora containing
sebaceous
glands.
________________________________
o. Fold of epithelium that blocks or partially blocks
vaginal orifice in presexually active
females.
________________________________
21. Identify the part of the ovary based on the descriptions
given below.
a. General term for connective tissue of ovary;
divided into
cortex and medulla.
________________________________
b. Large, fluid-filled follicle containing secondary
oocyte;
secrete estrogens.
________________________________
c. Simple epithelium covering surface of
ovary.
________________________________
d. Dense, irregular connective tissue deep to
germinal
layer.
________________________________
e. Corpus luteum replaced by fibrous
tissue.
________________________________
f. Mature follicle without secondary oocyte; produces
progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and
inhibin.
________________________________
g. Small follicles containing secondary
oocytes.
________________________________
h. Blood-filled mature follicle without secondary
oocyte. ________________________________
22. The __a__ extend from the uterus to the ovary wall. The
distal end is called the __b__ and has finger-like projections called
__c__.
a. _______________________________
c. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
23. The mucosa layer of the oviducts is composed of __a__
epithelium that propel the secondary oocyte into the uterus and other
__b__ cells that may nourish the secondary oocyte. The __c__
layer is responsible for peristaltic contractions that also propel the
secondary oocyte.
a. _______________________________
c. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
24. The uterus is divided into 3 regions: a dome-shaped
superior part called the __a__; a tapering central region called the
__b__, and an inferior narrowed region that separates it from the
vagina called the __c__.
a. _______________________________
c. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
25. Identify the structure or layer associated with the uterus
based on the information given below.
a. Permanent layer that replenishes cells after
menstruation. ___________________________
b. Innermost, highly vascular layer.
_______________________________
c. Outer layer of visceral peritoneum.
_______________________________
d. Middle layer of smooth muscle.
_______________________________
e. Lines lumen of uterus and is shed during
menses. _______________________________
f. Arterioles that penetrate into
endometrium.
_______________________________
g. Composed of simple columnar
epithelium.
_______________________________
26. A ____________________________ is a procedure that involves the
removal of cells from the cervix and upper vagina and these cells are
examined for cancer.
27. A _______________________________ is the procedure when the
cervix is dilated and the uterus is scraped with a spoon-shaped
instrument in an attempt to remove cancerous (or precancerous) cells.
28. The removal of the uterus is called a(n):
__________________________________.
29. The epithelium of the vagina is
_______________________________ epithelium.
30. Name 2 glands associated with the vulva and give their
functions.
_______________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________
___________________________________________
31. __a__ is the process whereby haploid ova are
formed. In the fetus, __b__ germ cells migrate from developing
endoderm to the ovaries. These __b__ germ cells differentiate into
diploid cells called __c__.
The __c__ divide by __d__ (mitosis/meiosis) during the 3rd month of
development to give rise to __e__.
Each __e__ is enclosed by a layer of epithelial cells and forms the
__f__. Each __e__ divides by __g__ (mitosis/meiosis), but stops
at __h__ (What phase?).
At puberty, __i__ (Give hormone.) levels begin to
rise and cause some of the __f__ to become __j__. Each month, one
of the __j__ is stimulated hormonally and the __e__ completes __g__
(mitosis/meiosis I) forming a(n) __k__. This __k__ continues from
__g__ (mitosis/meiosis I) to __l__ (What phase?). This cell will
not complete __g__ (mitosis/meiosis) until __m__ occurs. If
__m__ occurs, the __k__ completes __g__ (mitosis/meiosis) and forms the
__n__.
a. _______________________________
i. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
j. __________________________________
c. _______________________________
k. __________________________________
d. _______________________________
l. __________________________________
e. _______________________________
m. __________________________________
f. _______________________________
n. __________________________________
g. _______________________________
h. _______________________________
32. How does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis in terms of number
and the size of the cells formed?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
33. Identify the phase of the menstrual cycle based on the
information given below.
a. First 5 days of cycle.
________________________________
b. Days 6 to 13 of cycle.
________________________________
c. Day 14 of cycle.
________________________________
d. Days 15 to 28 of cycle.
________________________________
e. Graafian follicle become corpus
hemorrhagicum. ________________________________
f. Progesterone from corpus luteum prepares
endometrium
for implantation.
________________________________
g. Rapid growth of one primary follicle into
Graafian follicle. ______________________________
h. Stratum functionalis is lost from uterine
wall.
________________________________
i. Estrogen levels rise and inhibit FSH; LH also
increases. _______________________________
j. Time between ovulation and menses.
________________________________
k. Time between menses and ovulation.
________________________________
l. FSH increases during the last 3 days of this
phase. ________________________________
m. Sudden surge of LH occurs towards the end of this
phase. ____________________________
34. If fertilization and implantation take place the __a__ produces
hormones until the __b__ takes over this function. The __b__ secretes
estrogens and progesterones that support pregnancy and promotes breast
development for milk production. If fertilization and
implantation do not take place, rising levels of progesterone and
estrogen inhibit __c__. The __a__ degenerates and levels of
progesterone and estrogen __d__ (increase/decrease) allowing __e__ to
increase towards the end of the postovulatory phase and throughout the
menstrual phase.
a. _______________________________
d. __________________________________
b. _______________________________
e. __________________________________
c. _______________________________
35. Why are the testes, unlike the ovaries, positioned outside the
abdominal cavity? _______________
__________________________________________________________________________________
36. Why does cryptorchidism result in male sterility?
________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
37. What happens during a vasectomy?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
38. Why are the accessory male reproductive glands important to forming
viable sperm? ___________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
39. What is an ectopic pregnancy?
______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
40. Why is the rhythm method of birth control often very unsuccessful?
_________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
41. How do pregnancy tests work?
______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Answers: Worksheet IX-Reproductive System
1. procreation
2. ovary, testis
3. a. fertilization
e.
spermiogenesis
b. parturition
f.
ovulation
c. oogenesis
g.
implantation
d. spermotogenesis
h. menstruation
4. a. testes
d. penis
b. epididymis
e.
ductus deferens
c. scrotum
f.
urethra
5. a. scrotum
c. dartos
b. testes
d.
cremaster
6. 35 C (96 F)
7. a. testis
c. seminiferous
b. lobules
d.
spermotogenesis
8. a. Primary spermatocyte
e. spermatids
b. Sertoli cells
f.
spermatozoans
c. spermatogonia
g. Sertoli cells
d. Secondary spermatocytes
h. Interstitial cells of
Leydig
9. Nourish spermatozoans; form blood testis barrier; phagocytize
excess cytoplasm from spermatozoans; control sperm movements; secrete
inhibin which regulates sperm production by inhibiting FSH.
10. Site of sperm maturation; reabsorb degenerating sperm; sperm
storage.
11. ductus (vas) deferens
12. a. inguinal canal
b. ductus deferens
(spermatic cord)
13. a. root
d. erection
b. body
e. ejaculation
c. glands penis
f.
external urethral orifice
14. a. spermatogenesis
h. 4
b. spermatogonia
i. spermatozoans
c. mitotically
j.
spermiogenesis
d. primary spermatocytes
k. head
e. meiosis
l.
midpiece
f. spermatids
m.
flagellum
g. secondary spermatocytes
n. acrosome
15. a. prostate gland
d. seminal vesicles
b. seminal vesicles
e. prostate gland
c. bulbourethral or Cowper's glands
f. bulbourethral or Cowper's gland
16. semen
17. 50-150 million sperm/ml
18. To neutralize the acidity of the female vagina.
19. Many sperm are needed to release hyaluronidase and proteinases that
break down the ovum's covering. Only one sperm delivers the
DNA to the egg DNA.
20. a. uterus
i.
Ovaries
b. Vagina
j. Cervix
c. Vulva
k. Mons pubis
d. Ovaries
l.
clitoris
e. Uterus
m. Labia
majora
f. Vagina
n. Labia
minora
g. Fallopian tubules (oviducts)
o. Hymen
h. Ovary
21. a. Stroma
e.
Corpus albicans
b. Graafian follicle
f. Corpus luteum
c. Germinal epithelium
g.
Ovarian (Primary) follicles
d. Tunica albuginea
h. Corpus hemorhagicum
22. a. Fallopian tubules (oviducts)
c. fimbriae
b. infundibulum
23. a. ciliated columnar
c.
muscularis
b. secretory
24. a. fundus
c. cervix
b. body
25. a. stratum basalis
e.
stratum functionalis
b. endometrium
f. spiral
c. perimetrium
g.
endometrium
d. myometrium
26. Pap smear
27. D (Dilation) and C (Curettage)
28. hysterectomy
29. stratified squamous
30. Paraurethral glands-secrete mucus; Vestibular
glands-secrete lubricating mucus during intercourse.
31. a. Oogenesis
h.
prophase I
b. primordial
i. FSH
c. oogonia
j.
primary follicles
d. mitosis
k.
secondary oocyte
e. primary oocytes
l. metaphase II
f. primordial follicle
m.
fertilization
g. meiosis
n.
ovum
32. Spermatogenesis results in 4 equal-sized, but very small
spermatids; oogenesis results in 1 large ovum and 3 very small polar
bodies.
33. a. Menstrual phase
g.
Preovulatory phase
b. Preovulatory phase
h. Menstrual phase
c. Ovulation
i.
Preovulatory phase
d. Postovulatory phase
j.
Postovulatory phase
e. Postovulatory phase
k.
Preovulatory phase
f. Postovulatory phase
l.
Postovulatory phase
m.
Preovulatory phase
34. a. corpus luteum
b. placenta
c. GnRH (and LH)
d. decrease
e. FSH
35. Sperm must develop in a slightly cooler environment than the 98.6 F
in the abdominal cavity. Positioned in the scrotum sperm
encounter temperatures a degree or two lower.
36. Basically, the same explanation as for #35. Cryptorchidism is
when the testes do not descend into the scrotum.
37. During a vasectomy, the doctor makes an incision into the scrotum
and pulls out a short section of the vas deferens. He then
removes a small section and ties off each end.
38. The accessory glands are the prostate, seminal vesicles, and
bulbourethral glands. They form a secretion a semen. Semen
provides fructose so the sperm can manufacture ATPs, fibrinogen that
coagulates semen in the female vaginal canal, and alkaline fluids that
neutralize the acids of the female vagina.
39. An ectopic pregnancy results when the egg is fertilized outside the
oviduct or uterus. The zygote is not captured by the ostium and
floats in the abdominal cavity. The blastula, or multicellular
stage, sometimes implants in the body wall.
40. There are two main reasons. 1) Identifying the 3 day stretch
on each side of ovulation is very difficult.
2) Hormonal changes and areas in the hypothalamus elevated sex drive
during the time period when abstinence is necessary.
41. Pregnancy tests chemically identify human chorionic gonadotropin
released by the placental into the urine. If the hormone is
present, as indicated by a simple color change, you are pregnant.