Worksheet VII:
Respiratory System
1. _________________________ is when air is moved in and
out of the lungs.
2. __________________________ is when gases are exchanged between
alveoli and blood.
3. __________________________ is when gases are exchanged between body
tissues and the blood.
4. Name the 3 major metabolic pathways of cellular respiration.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
5. List, in the correct sequence, the major structures that air passes
through to get into the lungs.
__________external nares__________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
____________lungs_______________
6. List 5 functions of the nose or nasal cavity.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
7. Name the 3 bones and kind of cartilage that forms the
nose. _______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
8. The external openings to the nasal cavity are called __a__ and the
openings leading into the pharynx are called __b__.
a. ______________________________
b. _______________________________
9. The __a__ divides the nasal cavity. It is formed by
__b__ anteriorly and the __c__ and __d__ of the ethmoid bone
posteriorly.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
10. Name 4 bones that house paranasal sinuses.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
11. Give 4 functions of the paranasal sinuses.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
12. Identify the disorder of the respiratory tract based on the
information given below.
a. Introduction of air into thoracic
cavity.
_______________________________
b. Repeated cycle of irregular breathing; normal in
infants; diagnostic of pulmonary and other diseases
in
adults.
_______________________________
c. Inflammation of pleura linings due to decreased
secretion of serous fluid.
_______________________________
d. Inflammation of nasal mucosa that causes release
of excessive mucus.
_______________________________
e. Inflammation of sinuses that causes release of
excessive mucus.
_______________________________
f. Entry of blood into pleural cavity.
_______________________________
g. Deficiency of surfactant in infants causes
breathing
to become increasingly more difficult.
_______________________________
h. Inflammation of the vocal cords.
_______________________________
13. The __________________________ leads from the medial surface
of the eye into the nasal cavity.
14. The __a__ and __b__ nasal conchae bones are part of the __c__
bone while the __d__ nasal concha
is a separate bone. These bones
bear highly __e__ linings that helps __f__ air.
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
f. _______________________________
15. Most of the epithelium of the respiratory tract is __a__.
Some of these cells bear __b__ to sweep out
debri trapped by other
cells that secrete mucus. The mucus-secreting cells are called
__c__ cells.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
16. The pharynx is composed of 3 regions. They are:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
17. Identify the region of the pharynx based on the information given
below.
a. Lowermost region; from hyoid to
larynx.
_______________________________
b. Respiratory and digestive tracts completely
separate. _______________________________
c. Stratified squamous epithelium; palatine and
lingual
tonsils present.
_______________________________
d. From soft palate to epiglottis.
_______________________________
e. Auditory (Eustachian) tubes open into this
cavity.
_______________________________
f. Uvula blocks during swallowing.
_______________________________
18. The __a__, or voice box, is supported by __b__ (Give number.)
cartilages. The most prominent
of these is the __c__ cartilage,
also commonly called the __d__. The __c__ cartilage is noticeably
larger in adult males. Below the __c__ cartilage is the __e__
cartilage. The __e__ cartilage connects
to the __f__ that divides
into __g__ going to each lung. The opening to the __a__ is called
the __h__.
A third flap of elastic cartilage, called the __i__,
covers this opening. The 4th cartilage of note is the
__j__
cartilage. It holds paired strips of stratified squamous
epithelium, commonly called __k__, in place.
a. ______________________________
f. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
d. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
e. ______________________________
j. _______________________________
k.
_______________________________
19. The epithelium of the larynx changes from
_________________________________ to
____________________________ near
the end.
20. Sound __a__ in one's larynx is created by tension on the
__b__ and the size of the larynx and thickness
of the __b__.
__c__ is created by the amount of air passing over the __b__.
Sound __d__ is added by the
lips, tongue, and palate.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
21. The tube that leads from the larynx to the top of the lungs
is called the: ______________________.
22. The __a__, or windpipe, is lined by __b__ epithelial
cells. It is composed of __c__ (Give number.)
__d__ (Give shape.)
cartilage rings. __e__ connective tissue and __f__ muscle also
give this structure
flexibility for dilation and constriction.
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
f. _______________________________
23. The trachea divides into __a__ that enter the right and left
lungs. __a__ divide into __b__. Both __a__
and __b__ have
cartilage rings present. By about 1 mm in diameter the cartilage rings
are no longer present
and the tubes are called __c__. Each __c__
enters a lobule within the lung and divides into narrower __d__.
__d__ end in grape-like clusters of sacs called __e__.
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
24. The right lung has __a__ (Give number.) main lobes: the __b__,
__c__, and __d__. The left lung has
no __c__ lobe and has a
depression where the heart sits called the __e__.
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
25. Serous membranes associated with the lungs and surrounding thoracic
cavity are called __a__. The
__a__ on the lung's surface are
called __b__ and the __a__ lining the thoracic cavity are called
__c__.
The space between the __b__ and __c__ is called the __d__.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
26. Give 3 functions of the pleurae and pleural cavity.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
27. __a__ are dead end sacs at the end of terminal
bronchioles. This is the site of __b__ (Give function.).
__a__
are surrounded by a network of __c__ and __d__ fibers. The
membrane lining is __e__ epithelium.
__f__ cells are scattered
among the __e__ cells and secrete an oily mixture of phospholipids
called __g__.
__g__ reduces __h__ between cells in the __a__ and
prevents the collapse of __a__. Macrophage cells,
called __i__
cells, patrol the epithelium to prevent bacteria invasion.
a. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
f. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
d. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
i.
________________________________
28. The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called __a__.
__a__ occurs in two stages. __b__ moves
air into the lungs while
__c__ moves air out of the lungs.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
29. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is:
______________________________.
30. a. _______________________Law states that the
pressure of a gas in a closed container is
inversely
proportional to the volume of that container. This Law is represented
by the formula _______________.
b. If the size (volume) of the container decreases,
gas pressure will: ___________________________.
c. If the pressure on the gas decreases, gas volume
will:
________________________________.
d. Calculate the pressure where P1 = 760 mmHg, V1 =
4 liters, V2 = 5 liters. _____________________
e. Calculate the volume where P1 = 760 mmHg, V1 = 4
liters, P2 = 750 mmHg __________________
31. During quiet inspiration 2 muscle groups must contract.
They are the:
________________________________
________________________________
32. During labored inspiration 3 additional muscle groups must
contract. Name 2.
________________________________
________________________________
33. For air to move into the lungs, air pressure in the lungs
(alveoli) must be __a__ (lower than/higher
than/the same as)
atmospheric pressure. For the lungs to have a pressure that is
__b__ (lower than/higher
than/similar to) atmospheric pressure, the
size of the thoracic cavity must __c__ (increase/decrease/remain
the
same).
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
34. During inspiration, the diaphragm goes from a(n) __a__ shape to a
__b__ shape. The __c__ muscles
push the __d__ forward and the
__e__ up. Both of these muscle contractions result in a(n) __f__
(increase/decrease)
in size of the thoracic cavity. As the thoracic
cavity __f__ in volume, the pressure in the pleural cavity, called
__g__
pressure, __h__ (increases/decreases) from __i__ to __j__
mmHg. The walls of the lungs are __k__ (sucked
outward/pulled
inward) by the pleural membranes. This event causes pressure in
the alveoli, called __l__ pressure
to __m__ (increase/decrease) from
__n__ to __o__ mmHg. Air, consequently, __p__ (rushes in/is
pushed out).
a. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
j. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
k. _______________________________
d. ______________________________
l. _______________________________
e. ________________________________
m. ________________________________
f. ______________________________
n. _______________________________
g. ______________________________
o. _______________________________
h. ______________________________
p. _______________________________
35. Expiration is a(n) __a__ process. It occurs when the __b__
tissue of the lungs collapses, the __c__ and
__d__ muscles relax.
The size of the thoracic cavity is __e__ (increased/decreased) which
causes intrapleural
pressure to __f__ (increase/decrease) from __g__ to
__h__. Intrapulmonary pressure also __i__ (increases/decreases)
from __j__ to __k__ and as a result __l__ (pulls air in/drives air out).
a. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
i. _______________________________
d. ______________________________
j. _______________________________
e. ________________________________
k. ________________________________
f. ______________________________
l. ________________________________
36. _____________________ prevents collapse of the alveoli and sticking
after expiration.
37. Identify the lung volumes based on the information given below.
a. Air in nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi; ~ 150 ml.
_______________________________
b. Sum of inspiratory reserve, tidal volume, and
expiratory
reserve.
_______________________________
c. Volume of air moved in and out of the lungs
during
normalquiet breathing.
_______________________________
d. Volume is ~ 500 ml.
_______________________________
e. Volume of air forced out of the lungs in addition
to
tidal volume.
_______________________________
f. Volume of air left in lungs after a forced
expiration.
_______________________________
g. Volume is ~ 3100 ml.
_______________________________
h. Volume of air in addition to tidal volume
inspired during
a deep breath.
_______________________________
i. Volume is ~ 1200 ml.
_______________________________
j. Volume is ~ 4800 ml.
_______________________________
38. ______________________________ states that the total pressure
exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum
of the pressures exerted by
each gas in the mixture.
39. Calculate the partial pressures of the following gases.
a. Nitrogen; 79%.
_______________________________
b. Oxygen; 21%.
_______________________________
c. Carbon dioxide; 0.04%.
_______________________________
d. Argon; 1%.
_______________________________
40. ___________________ Law states that when a mixture of gases, with ~
equal solubilities, is in contact with a
liquid, each gas will dissolve
into the liquid in direct proportion to its partial pressure.
41. List 5 factors that affect the diffusion rate of a gas across
membranes and give the relationship (e.g. if factor is
high, then the
diffusion rate will be slowed.)
Factor
Relationship
______________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________
____________________________________________
42. Why does carbon dioxide move across membranes at a rate similar to
oxygen, yet oxygen has a partial pressure
many times that of carbon
dioxide.__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
43. Give the approximate partial pressures for gases in the specified
areas.
a. pO2 alveolar capillaries (arterial
end)
_________________________
b. pCO2 alveolar capillaries (arterial
end).
_________________________
c. pO2 alveoli.
_________________________
d. pCO2 alveoli.
_________________________
e. pO2 in the atmosphere.
_________________________
f. pCO2 in the atmosphere.
_________________________
g. pO2 arterial end of capillary in body
tissues. _________________________
h. pCO2 arterial end of capillary in body
tissues. _________________________
i. pO2 venous end of capillary in body
tissues. _________________________
j. pCO2 venous end of capillary in body
tissues. _________________________
k. pO2 in a body cell before
exchange.
_________________________
l. pCO2 in a body cell before
exchange.
_________________________
44. Give the direction the gas moves from the specified area.
a. Oxygen movement between alveolus and capillary in
alveolus. _________________________
b. Carbon dioxide movement in alveolar
capillary.
_________________________
c. Oxygen movement in arterial end of capillary of
body tissue. _________________________
d. Carbon dioxide movement in arterial end of
capillary of body tissue. ______________________
45. Name the 2 ways oxygen is carried in the blood, listing the most
common method of transport first.
________________________________
________________________________
46. Complete the following reaction: Hb +
02 -------> _________________________
and
_________.
47. Hemoglobin binds with oxygen forming __a__. Binding of
the first oxygen molecule causes a(n) __b__
change in the hemoglobin
molecule making it __c__ (easier/harder) to pick up another oxygen. The
maximum
number of oxygen molecules carried by one hemoglobin is
__d__. In a high concentration of oxygen molecules
we say that
hemoglobin has a __e__ (high/low) affinity for oxygen molecules.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
e.
_______________________________
48. The state of attraction of hemoglobin for a particular
molecule is its __________________.
For questions 49 through 55 refer to the oxygen dissociation curve
above.
49. Give the % saturation for the hemoglobin molecules for the
partial pressures listed below.
a. 10 mmHg
__________________
b. 20 mmHg
__________________
c. 30 mmHg
__________________
d. 40 mmHg
__________________
e. 50 mmHg
__________________
f. 60 mmHg
__________________
g. 70 mmHg
__________________
h. 80 mmHg
__________________
i. 90 mmHg
__________________
j. 100 mmHg
__________________
50. The slope of the curve is steepest between: _________________
(10 and 50 mmHg/ 60 and 80 mmHg/ 80
and 100 mmHg).
51. Hemoglobin is nearly 95% saturated at what partial
pressure? _________________________
52. At sea level, what partial pressure is hemoglobin exposed to in the
alveolar capillary? ____________
53. At higher altitudes what happens to partial
pressure? _________________
Providing the partial pressure of oxygen doesn't
drop below 70 mmHg, is there enough oxygen to
meet
your body's minimum needs?
_________________
At what altitude would a partial pressure of 70 mmHg
be encountered?
__________________.
54. Hemoglobin is nearly ___a__% saturated before entering tissue
capillaries and __b__% saturated when leaving
the tissue
capillaries. This per cent saturation when leaving the tissue
capillaries is called the __c__.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
55. Assuming the temperature at which the dissociation curve was
generated was 38 C, what will happen to the curve at 40 C?
___________________________________
56. Assuming the pH at which the dissociation curve was generated was
7.4, what will happen to the curve at a pH of 7.2?
___________________________________
57. What will happen to the dissociation curve if H+ ions are
released?
___________________________________
58. Where would a curve for fetal hemoglobin be located on the graph in
reference to the plotted curve?
The curve would be: to the left/right on the plotted curve/to the
right. _________________________
59. When Hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin, the hemoglobin
molecule changes __a__ and has a(n) __b__
(increased/decreased)
affinity for __c__. The effect described in the first sentence is
called the __d__ effect.
The __d__ effect occurs in the __e__
(alveolar capillary/tissue capillary). This effect makes it __f__
(easier,
more difficult) for __c__ to unload. In the __g__
(alveolar capillary/tissue capillary) Hydrogen ions are removed.
This allows the hemoglobin molecule to change __a__ and __h__
(increases/decreases) its affinity for __c__. This
effect, called the
__i__ effect, is driven partially by the __j__ (higher/lower) partial
pressures of oxygen in the __k__
(alveolus/tissue cell).
a. ______________________________
g. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
h. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
i. ________________________________
d. ______________________________
j. ________________________________
e. ______________________________
k. _________________________________
f. _______________________________
60. __a__ is an unique intermediate compound of glycolysis that
__b__ (enhances/decreases) oxygen release from hemoglobin.
a. ______________________________
b. ________________________________
61. Carbon monoxide has ___________ times the affinity for hemoglobin
compared to oxygen.
62. List the 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported from the body
tissues and give the approximate percentages of each.
%
__________ _____________________________
% __________
_____________________________
% __________
_____________________________
63. Complete the following reactions with the formula and name of
the molecule:
CO2 + H2O -----
(__a__)-----> __b__ -------> __c__
+ __d__.
a. Give enzyme:___________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
64. The reaction in question #63 is the trigger for the
______________ effect. This effect makes it
___________________
(easier/more difficult) for hemoglobin to unload oxygen.
65. The reaction in question #63 occurs a 1000 times faster in
RBCs because:
___________________________________________.
66. As bicarbonate ions are formed in the RBC, they diffuse out
into the __a__. Because there is a net loss of __b__
(positive/negative) charges in the RBC, a(n) __c__
(positively/negatively) charged __d__ ion diffuses in to
compensate.
This event is called the __e__.
a. ______________________________
d. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
e. _______________________________
c. ______________________________
67. Where does the sequence, described in question 66, occur: in
the tissue capillary or the alveolar capillary?
_______________________________
68. Briefly describe what happens in the other area from your answer in
question 67.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
69. The control center for respiration is in the __a__ of the __b__ and
__c__. The __b__ has inspiratory and
expiratory centers while the
__c__ has pneumotaxic and apneustic centers.
a. ______________________________
c. _______________________________
b. ______________________________
70. Identify the respiratory control center described below and also
given its location in the medulla or pons.
a. Continuously stimulates inspiratory center;
prolongs
inspiration when holding your breath.
______________________________
b. Superiorly located on brainstem; continuously
inhibits inspiratory center; fine tunes breathing
rhythm
and prevents lungs from overinflating.
______________________________
c. Has both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
present;
important in forced expiration.
______________________________
d. Neurons myogenic; expands thoracic cavity by
sending
impulses to diaphragm and external
intercostals. ______________________________
71. List 3 factors that influence the rate and depth of
breathing.
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
72. Which chemical factor is the most potent?
______________________________
73. Name 2 places chemoreceptors are located.
______________________________
______________________________
74. Identify the terms associated with breathing from the definitions
given below.
a. Normal quiet breathing.
______________________________
b. Rapid breathing.
______________________________
c. Deficiency of oxygen.
______________________________
d. Rate of respiration is higher than that required
to
maintain normal level of plasma carbon
dioxide. ______________________________
e. An abnormal increase in the amount of carbon
dioxide in the blood.
______________________________
f. An abnormal decrease in the amount of carbon
dioxide in the blood.
______________________________
g. Lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue
level. ______________________________
h. Unconsciousness due to interference with
oxygen
supply of the blood.
______________________________
i. Painful or labored breathing.
______________________________
j. Temporary cessation of breathing.
______________________________
75. What effects does smoking have on the respiratory system?
_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
76. Why does a pneumothorax caused breathing difficulty?
__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
77. Why is expiration a passive process?
_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
78. Why is breathing difficult with declining levels of surfactant?
______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
79. Why is breathing more difficult on a 110 F day compared to a day at
80 F? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
80. Why do most people traveling to high altitudes have little
difficulty breathing even though there is less
oxygen present?
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
81. Why does fetal hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than
maternal hemoglobin? _________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
82. Could you carry out basic activities (without an oxygen tank
and mask) on Mt. McKinley, AK? Why
or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Answers: Worksheet
VII-Respiratory System
1. Breathing or pulmonary ventilation.
2. External respiration.
3. Internal respiration.
4. Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport System.
5. External nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, (bronchioles), lungs.
6. Provides opening for air to enter./Moistens and regulates
temperature of air./Filters and cleans air./
Olfaction./Resonating
chamber for speech.
7. Nasal, frontal, maxillary bones; hyaline cartilage.
8. a. nostrils or external nares
b. internal nares (choanae)
9. a. nasal septum
c. vomer
b. hyaline cartilage
d. perpendicular plate
10. Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary.
11. Lightens skull./Resonance chambers./Warm and moisten air./Mucus
traps debris.
12. a. Pneumothorax
e. Sinusitis
b. Cheyne-Stokes
syndrome
f. Hemothorax
c. Pleurisy
g.
Respiratory distress syndrome
d. Rhinitis
h.
Laryngitis
13. nasolacrimal duct
14. a. superior
d.
inferior
b. middle
e.
vascular
c. ethmoid
f.
moisten and/or warm
15. a. pseudostratified
c. goblet
b. cilia
16. nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
17. a. laryngopharynx
d. oropharynx
b. laryngopharynx
e. nasopharynx
c. oropharynx
f.
nasopharynx
18.a. larynx
g.
bronchi
b. 9
h.
glottis
c. thyroid
i.
epiglottis
d. Adam's apple
j.
arytenoid
e. cricoid
k. vocal
cords
f. trachea
19. stratified squamous to pseudostratified
20. a. pitch
c. Loudness
b. vocal
cords
d.
quality
21. trachea
22. a. trachea
d. C
shaped
b.
pseudostratified e. Elastic
c. 16-20
f. smooth
23.a. primary bronchi
d.
terminal bronchioles
b. secondary bronchi
e. alveoli
c. bronchioles
24.
a. 3
d. inferior
b. superior
e.
cardiac notch
c. middle
25. a. pleurae
c.
parietal pleural (e)
b. visceral pleural (e)
d.
pleural cavity
26. Secretes lubricant./Pressure changes for inspiration and expiration
occur there./Separates
lungs from heart.
27.a. Alveoli
f. Septal
b. gas exchange
g. surfactant
c. capillaries
h.
surface tension
d. elastic
i. dust
e. simple squamous
28. a. breathing
c.
expiration
b. Inspiration
29. 760 mmHg
30. a. Boyle's Law/P1V1 = P2V2
d. 608 mmHg
b.
increase
e. 4.05 l
c. increase
31. diaphragm and external intercostals
32. sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor.
33. a. lower than
b. lower
than
c. increase
34 a. dome
i. 756
mmHg
b. flat
j. 754 mmHg
c. external intercostal
k.
sucked outward
d. sternum
l.
intrapulmonary
e. ribs
m. decrease
f. increase
n. 760
mmHg
g. intrapleural
o. 758
mmHg
h. decreases
p.
rushes in
35.a. passive
g. 754
b. elastic
h. 756
c. diaphragm
i.
increases
d. external intercostal j. 758
e. decreased
k. 762
f. increase
l.
drives air out
36. Surfactant
37.a. Dead air space
f. Residual volume
b. Vital capacity
g.
Inspiratory reserve
c. Tidal volume
h.
Inspiratory reserve
d. Tidal volume
i.
Expiratory reserve and Residual volume*
e. Expiratory reserve
j. Vital capacity
*Similar volumes, but do not have same definitions.
38. Dalton's law of partial pressures
39.a. 597 mmHg
c. 0.3
mmHg
b. 159 mmHg
d. 7.6
mmHg
40. Henry's law
41.Pressure difference, the greater the difference
the faster the rate.
Surface area, the more surface area the faster the
rate.
Thickness of membrane, the thicker the membrane the
slower the rate.
Solubility, the greater the solubility in a liquid,
the faster the rate.
Temperature, the higher the temperature the faster
the rate.
Molecular weight, the heavier the molecule the
slower the rate.
42. Carbon dioxide is much more soluble in liquids than oxygen.
43. a. 40 mmHg
g. 104
mmHg
b. 45 mmHg
h.
40 mmHg
c. 104 mmHg
i. 40
mmHg
d. 40 mmHg
j. 45
mmHg
e. 160 mmHg
k. 40
mmHg
f. 0.3 mmHg
l. 45
mmHg
44. a. From alveolus into capillary
c. Capillary to tissue cell
b. From capillary
into alveolus
d. From tissue cell to
capillary
45. As oxyhemoglobin (98.5 %); dissolved in plasma.
46. oxyhemoglobin H+
47. a. oxyhemoglobin
c. easier
b.
conformational
d. 4
e. high
48. affinity
49.a. 10%
f. 90%
b. 37%
g. 95%
c. 57%
h. 97%
d. 72%
i. 98%
e. 83%
j. 100%
50. 10 and 50 mmHg
51. 70 mmHg
52. 104 mmHg
53. decrease/yes/over 7,000 feet.
54. a. 100%
c.
venous reserve
b. 75%
55. Curve shifts to the right-more difficult for oxygen to load.
56. Shifts to the right-more difficult for oxygen to load or easier for
oxygen to unload.
57. Same as in answer 56.
58. to the left
59.a. conformation
g.
alveolar capillary
b. decreased
h.
increases
c. oxygen
i.
Haldane (Not on test)
d. Bohr
j. higher
e. tissue capillary
k. alveolus
f. easier
60. a. 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG)
b. enhances
61. 200
62. 60-70% as bicarbonate ion; 23 % with carbaminohemoglobin; 7-10%
dissolved in plasma.
63. a. carbonic anhydrase
c.
Bicarbonate ion HCO3-
b. carbonic acid
(H2CO3)
d. Hydrogen ion H+
64. Bohr/easier
65. RBCs have the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
66. a. plasma
c.
negatively
b.
negative
d.
Chloride
e.
Chloride shift
67. in the tissue capillary
68. In the alveolar capillary, the reaction occurs
in the opposite direction, but is still called the chloride
shift.
69. a. reticular formation
c. pons
b. medulla
70. a. Apneustic center (Pons)
c.
Ventral Respiratory Group (Medulla)
b. Pneumotaxic center
(Pons) d.
Dorsal Respiratory Group (Medulla)
71. Irritants,Strongs emotiom such as pain,Chemicals.
72. CO2
73. Carotid and aortic bodies, hypothalamus.
74.a. Eupnea
f.
Hypocapnia
b. Hypernea
g.
Hypoxia
c. Anoxia
h.
Asphyxia
d. Hyperventilation i.
Dyspnea
e. Hypercapnia
j. Apnea
75. Smoking destroys the ciliated surface of the trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles making it difficult for the body
to remove dust and debri
taken in during breathing. Additionally, carbon particles from
smoke pass into the alveoli
and decrease surface area for gas
exchange. Long-term smoking destroys alveoli resulting in
emphysema.
76. When an object punctures the thoracic cavity intrapleural pressure
becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.
Expansion of the lungs
during inspiration cannot generate significant pressure difference to
allow air to move into the lungs.
77. The lungs have elastic tissue and like a rubber band, once they are
stretched, they return to their original size and
expel the air.
78. Surfactant decreases surface tension in the alveoli. During
expiration, the alveoli would stick together and be
difficult to expand
with only water in them. Water molecules create a very high
surface tension that would literally
stick the sides of an alveolus
together.
79. According to Charles' Law as the temperature of a gas increases,
the gas expands. Cool (80 F) air coming into
the lungs (at 98.6
F) would expand the lungs to some degree even without the aid of the
diaphragm and intercostal
muscles. However, warm (110 F) air
coming into the lungs (at 98.6 F) would cool and compress.
Therefore, the
inspiratory muscles have to work harder to overcome the
inward force that a compressed gas exerts on the lungs.
80. Even at partial pressures of 50 mmHg for oxygen, hemoglobin is
still over 80% saturated. Only altitudes over
10,000 feet would
ever generate such a small partial pressure for oxygen.
81. If fetal hemoglobin did not have a higher affinity for oxygen than
maternal hemoglobin, oxygen would never
be released into the fetal
circulation through the placental.
82. Yes, because your hemoglobin is still 75% saturated even at
20,300 feet altitude. Unless you have trained at
high altitudes,
you would not be able to do much, but you (depending on your individual
physiological tolerance)
would be able to stay alive. This also
assumes you are well-insulated from the cold, etc.)
Take the
Pretest for the
Digestion-Respiration Exam