1. Protection/Support/Movement/Fat storage/Ca++ and Phosphorus
reserve/Hematopoiesis
2. Hematopoiesis
3. Osseous
4. Orthopedics
5. a. Chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid
b. Collagen and elastic
c. Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
6. Connective
7. Chondroblasts/Chondrocytes/lacunae
8. perichondrium/fibrous/chondrogenic
9. a. Fibrocartilage
g. Hyaline
b.
Hyaline
` h. Hyaline
c. All
types
i. Fibrocartilage
d.
Elastic
j. Elastic
e.
Hyaline
k. Elastic
f.
Fibrocartilage
l. Elastic
10. a. Calcium: Hydroxide, Phosphate, Carbonate
b. Collagen
c. Glycoproteins, GAGs, collagen
d. Hydroxyapatite
e.
Osteoblasts/osteoclasts/osteogenic
f. 67
g. 33
11. a. Diaphysis
h. Compact
b. Medullary
cavity
i. Spongy
c. Endosteum
j. Periosteum
d. Epiphyses
k. Periosteum
e. Articular cartilages
l. Compact
f. Epiphyseal plate (Growth plate)
m.
Spongy
g. Epiphyseal plate
n. Epiphyses
o. Spongy bone
12. periosteum/fibrous/osteogenic
13. a. Haversian system (osteon) h. Haversian and
Volkmann's canals
b.
Osteoblasts
i.
Canaliculi
c. Lacunae
j.
Interstitial
lamellae
d.
Lamellae
k. Canaliculi/Gap
jcts
e. Haversian
canal
l. Gap
junctions
f.
Canaliculi
m. Trabeculae
g. Volkmann's canals
14. Ossification
15. 5th to 7th
16. Intramembranous-flat bones of skull and clavicle; endochondral-all
other bones.
17. a. Intramembranous
h. trabeculae
b. blood vessel
i. spongy
c. mesenchymal
j.
osteocytes
d. center of
ossification k. red
e.
osteoblasts
l.
periosteum
f. alkaline
phosphatase m. compact
g. calcium
salts
n.
diploe
18. a. Endochondral
i. calcium
b.
perichondrium j.
primary
c. blood
vessel
k.
cavitation
d. chondrocytes
l. medullary
e.
osteoblasts
m.
periosteal bud
f.
collar
n.
osteoclasts
g.
periosteum
o. secondary
h. alkaline phosphatase p.
articular
cartilages
q. epiphyseal plate
19. Calcified matrix/Hypertrophic cartilage/Proliferating
cartilage/Reserve
cartilage
20. a. Reserve cartilage e. Hypertrophic
cartilage
b. Proliferating cartilage f.
Calcified matrix
c. Calcified matrix g.
Proliferating
cartilage
d. Hypertrophic cartilage h.
Calcified
matrix
21. growth plate
22. lengthening
23. epiphyseal line/18/21
24. osteoblasts/periosteal/osteoclasts/endosteal
25. Remodeling
26. Repair of damaged bone/response to muscle stress/Access to
Ca++ reserves
27. Very large/secrete proteolytic enzymes and acids/phagocytic/form
cytoplasmic extensions
28. Ca++, Phosphorus, Vitamin D
29. Growth hormone/Calcitonin/Parathyroid hormone/Estrogen/etc.
30. a.Parathyroid hormone
b. stimulates
c. causes
31. a. Calcitonin
b. inhibits
c. accelerates
32. Wolf's Law
33. Fracture
34. Reduction
35. Orthodontics/large bones of body builders/small bones of
invalids/formless
bones of infants.
36. Closed reduction
37. Open reduction
38. a. Compression d. Compound
b. Greenstick e.
Comminuted
c. Simple f.
Impacted
39. a. hemotoma f. callus
b. Capillaries g.
chondroblasts
c. phagocytic (WBCs) h.
osteoclasts
d. fibroblasts i.
bony
e. osteoblasts j.
remodeled
40. Use of crushed bone/use of artificial bone/electrical
stimulation/fibular
grafts/bone stretching/etc.
41. Osteoporosis
42. Rickets
43. Vitamin D
44. Joint or articulation
45. Females more likely than males/small size/declining estrogen
levels/lack of exercise/multiple pregnancies/Low calcium diet
(vegetarians)/etc.
46. Osteomalacia
47. arthros
48. Stabilize bones and allow directional flexibility
49. hyoid
50. functional/structural
51. Synarthroses/amphiarthroses/diarthroses
52. Fibrous/cartilaginous/synovial
53. synarthrosis
54. Fibrous
55. amphiarthroses
56. diarthroses
57. Cartilaginous
58. Synovial
59. a. Fibrous-Gomphosis
j. Fibrous-Suture
s.
Cartilaginous-Symphysis
b. Fibrous-Syndesmosis
k. Synovial-Gliding
t.
Cartilaginous-Symphysis
c. Fibrous-Gomphosis
l.
Synovial-Pivot
u. Synovial-Condyloid
d. Synovial-Gliding
m.
Synovial-Pivot
v. Synovial-Saddle
e. Fibrous-Suture
n. Synovial-Hinge
w. Synovial-Saddle
f. Cartilaginous-synchrondrosis o.
Synovial-Hinge
x.
Synovial-Ball and socket
g. Fibrous-Gomphosis
p. Synovial-Ball
and socket
h. Synovial-Ball and socket
q. Cartilaginous-synchrondrosis
i. Fibrous-Syndesmosis
r. Synovial-Condyloid
60. Articular capsule/joint cavity/Ligaments/Articular
cartilage/Synovial
fluid
61. a. fibrous e. articular cartilages
b. synovial membrane f.
articular discs (menisci)
c. synovial fluid
d. ligaments
62. slat solution/ arthroscope /surgical instruments
63. Bursae
64. Bursitis
65. Rheumatism
66. a. Osteoarthritis e. Rheumatoid
b. Osteoarthritis f. Gouty
c. Rheumatoid g. Gouty
d. Gouty
67. strain
68. sprain
69. The medullary cavity is formed by the process of
cavitation.
Cavitation, or the formation of cavities within the cartilage matrix,
is
initiated when nutrients and gases are cut off to the cartilage
interior
by the bony collar. The matrix can no longer be maintained and
disintegrates.
Smaller cavities merge and ultimately form the medullary cavity.
70. A primary ossification center forms in the middle of the shaft,
or diaphysis, of a bone. Secondary ossification centers form in
the
epiphyses after the diaphysis has started ossification.
71. Alkaline phosphatase raises the pH of a solution causing Ca++ salts
to be insoluble. The Ca++ salts come out of solution and are
deposited
on the collagen fibers of the existing connective or cartilage tissues,
a process called calcification.
72. Bone lengthens because of events at the epiphyseal plate.
New cartilage is added at the epiphyseal end of this plate in the zone
of proliferating cartilage while the cartilage matrix is destroyed at
the
diaphyseal end by rupturing chondroblasts and invading osteoblasts.
This
destruction 'chases' the addition of cartilage throughout your growth
years.
73. Bone increases in diameter because of activities that occur
in the periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts add new bone
on
the periosteal surface of the bone while osteoclasts remove bone on the
endosteal surface which widens the medullary cavity and lightens the
bone.
74. Calcitonin is released in response to high blood Ca++. This
hormone causes: osteoblasts to increase their bone
secreting
activities, osteoclasts to reduce their activities, and the kidney to
increase
excretion of Ca++.
75. Fibrocartilage gives great strength, but reduced flexibility.
You find this type of cartilage in weight-bearing areas of the body
such
as the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
76. Mesenchymal cells and chondroblasts that rupture both release the
enzyme alkaline phosphatase that raises pH and makes Ca++
insoluble.
The insoluble Ca++ comes out of solution on collagen fibers.
Osteoclasts
secrete acids that make Ca++ salts soluble. These dissolved Ca++
salts then are taken into the osteoclasts by pinocytosis.
77. Three (and today usually two) small incisions are made into the
synovial joint: one for injection of a slat solution, one for the
surgical instruments, and one for the camera, or arthroscope. The
damaged cartilage is removed or shaved so that the joint works
properly.
78. A vascular supply brings key chemical cues (hormones) that trigger
changes in mesenchymal cells and chondrocytes that cause them to
secrete
bone.
79. Both have similar symptoms, but rheumatoid arthritis is far more
extreme in joint immobility, pain, and inflammation. Rheumatoid
arthritis
is an autoimmune disease where your body's own immune system attacks
joint
tissues. Osteoarthritis is caused by normal wear and tear on the
joint tissues.
80. Articular cartilage is a hyaline cartilage covering of all bones
involving synovial joints. It cushions the bones as they move
past
each other. Articular discs, often the culprits in a torn
cartilage,
are pads of fibrocartilage found in only certain synovial joints (e.g.
the knee and elbow) that allow the bones to fit better and limit
movement
in certain directions.
81. This procedure is called a free vascular fibular graft.
Because
of remodeling by bone tissue, a bone that is placed under the right
stresses
will be remodeled to look like the bone it replaced.
82. Ossification is the process by which bone is formed.
There are two kinds of ossification: endochondral and intramembranous.
etc.