1. List 6 functions of skeletal system.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
2. Blood cell production in the red marrow of certain bones is called:
________________________.
3. Another term for bone tissue is
_____________________________.
4.The branch of medicine that deals with the preservation and
restoration
of the skeletal system,
joints, and associated structures is called:
____________________________.
5. Give the requested information about cartilage.
a. Type of
GAG(s):
_____________________________
b. Type of
fiber(s):
_____________________________
c. Type of
cell(s):
_____________________________
6. What general type of tissue is cartilage?
_____________________________
7. Cells that actively secrete cartilage and are mitotic are
called _____________________;
Cells that maintain the cartilage matrix are called
________________________.
These cells reside in spaces called
____________________ .
8. The layer of connective tissue and chondrocytes that surrounds
cartilage
is called the ________________________.
This layer has 2 sublayers, an
outer part composed of dense irregular connective tissue called the
_________________
layer and an inner part with many chondrocytes called the
____________________
layer.
9. Identify the type of cartilage based on the descriptions given
below.
a. Extremely abundant collagen fibers in
matrix.
_____________________________
b. Bluish and translucent ground
substance.
_____________________________
c. Chondrocytes found in lacunae.
_____________________________
d. Found in the epiglottis, pinna, and
Eustachian
canal. _____________________________
e. Most abundant cartilage; also called
gristle.
_____________________________
f. Gives strong support; withstands heavy
pressure. _____________________________
g. Found in articular cartilages, costal
cartilages,
nose,
larynx, trachea, epiphyseal plates,
etc.
_____________________________
h. Firm support with
pliability.
_____________________________
i. At pubic symphysis and intervertebral
discs.
_____________________________
j. Chondrocytes within network of
elastin
fibers.
_____________________________
k. Strength and elasticity; where stretching
is needed. _____________________________
l. Darkest of the 3
cartilages.
_____________________________
10. Answer the following questions about bone.
a. 3 kinds of Calcium salts.
___________________________________
b. Type of fiber(s).
___________________________________
c. 3 organic
components.
___________________________________
d. Collective name for Calcium salts.
___________________________________
e. 3 kinds of cells found in bone (No blood
cells). ___________________________________
f. Per cent of bone composed of Calcium
salts.
___________________________________
g. Per cent of bone that is organic.
___________________________________
11. Identify the parts of bone macrostructure from the descriptions
given below.
a. The shaft or long portion of
bone.
_____________________________
b. Space within diaphysis containing fatty
yellow marrow. _____________________________
c. A layer of osteoblasts, and more rarely
osteoclasts, that
line medullary
cavity.
_____________________________
d. The ends of a
bone.
_____________________________
e. Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering
the epiphyses
where bone meets bone.
_____________________________
f. Remnant of cartilage present
at the jct of diaphysis and
epiphysis.
_____________________________
g. Growth area in young
bones.
_____________________________
h. Main kind of bone in
diaphysis.
_____________________________
i. Main kind of bone in
epiphyses.
_____________________________
j. Outer layer of
bone.
_____________________________
k. Insertion point for
tendons.
_____________________________
l. A high density
bone.
_____________________________
m. A low density bone with many
spaces.
_____________________________
n. Part of bone housing red
marrow.
_____________________________
o. Composed of needle-like struts called
trabeculae.
_____________________________
12. The layer of connective tissue and osteocytes that surrounds bone
is called the ________________________. This layer has 2 sublayers, an
outer part composed of dense irregular connective tissue called the
____________________
layer and an inner part with many osteoblasts called the
___________________
layer.
13. Identify the parts of bone microstructure from the descriptions
given below.
a. Structural unit of compact
bone.
_____________________________
b. Bone-secreting
cells.
_____________________________
c. Spaces where bone-forming cells are
housed.
_____________________________
d. Rings of hard bone matrix
.
_____________________________
e. Central canal running along longitudinal
axis. _____________________________
f. Hair-like canals running out from
and connecting to
canaliculi from other
lacunae.
_____________________________
g. Canals run at right angles to Haversian
canals. _____________________________
h. Used for vascular and nerve
supply.
_____________________________
i. Contain cytoplasmic extensions of
osteocytes.
_____________________________
j. Incomplete lamellae found between
osteons. _____________________________
k. Allows easier diffusion of nutrients and
gases between
osteocytes.
_____________________________
l. Physically links cytoplasm of one osteocyte
with
cytoplasm of adjacent osteocytes.
_____________________________
m. Struts of bone only a few cell layers
thick.
_____________________________
14. Process by which bone is formed is called:
_____________________________
15. Ossification begins by the ______ or _______ weeks of embryological
development.
16. Name two kinds of ossification processes and the types of bones
that are formed by these processes.
________________________
_____________________________
________________________
_____________________________
17. __a__ ossification begins on a template of fibrous connective
tissue.
A __b__ invades the template and causes __c__ cells to cluster in the
middle.
This central area is referred to as the __d__. __c__ cells
differentiate
into __e__ and release the enzyme __f__ that causes __g__ to be
deposited
on the collagen fibers of the template. The __e__ secrete
bone
on these calcified fibers forming bony struts called __h__. These
__h__ fuse to form a latticework of __i__ bone. __e__ become
entrapped
in lacunae and lose their ability to form bone; they are now called
__j__.
The spaces between __h__ fill with __k__ marrow while the original
outer
connective tissue becomes the __l__. Later, surface layers of bone are
reconstructed into __m__ bone forming the __n__.
a. ____________________________ i.
____________________________
b. ____________________________ j.
____________________________
c. ____________________________ k.
____________________________
d. ____________________________ l.
____________________________
e. ____________________________ m.
____________________________
f. ____________________________ n.
____________________________
g. ____________________________
h. ____________________________
18. __a__ ossification begins on a template of cartilage template
laid
down early in embryological development. This template is covered
with a fibrous membrane called the __b__. A __c__ penetrates the
__b__ along the shaft and stimulates the inner cells of the __b__,
called
__d__, to become __e__. These __e__ secrete a bony __f__ along
the
outer shaft. The __b__ is now called the __g__. Deprived of
oxygen and nutrients the inner cells of the template enlarge, burst,
and
release the enzyme __h__ that raises the pH and causes __i__ salts to
be
deposited on the collagen fibers. This middle region is referred to as
the __j__ center of ossification. Continued thickening and
lengthening
of the bony __f__ causes further degeneration of the interior cartilage
matrix opening large cavities. This process is called __k__ and
begins
the formation of the __l__ cavity in the diaphysis. Next, a
collection
of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, red marrow, osteoblasts and
osteoclasts
called the __m__ invade the __l__ cavity. Bone-destroying cells, called
__n__ continue to enlarge this cavity during growth. __e__
continue
to thicken and change the bony __f__ into compact bone. The cartilage
template
continues to grow at the ends, adding length to the diaphysis. Later,
__c__
penetrate the epiphyses forming __o__ ossification centers. Bone
completely replaces cartilage except in two areas: __p__ on the outer
surface
of the epiphyses and __q__, between the diaphysis and epiphyses.
a. ____________________________ i.
____________________________
b. ____________________________ j.
____________________________
c. ____________________________ k.
____________________________
d. ____________________________ l.
____________________________
e. ____________________________ m.
____________________________
f. ____________________________ n.
____________________________
g. ____________________________ o.
____________________________
h. ____________________________ p.
____________________________
q. ____________________________
19. List the 4 zones of the epihyseal plate beginning with the zone
closest to the diaphysis and ending with the zone closest to the
epiphysis.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
20. Identify the zone of the epiphyseal plate that is indicated by
the descriptions listed below.
a. Adjacent to
epiphyses.
a. ___________________________
b. Area of rapidly divided
chondroblasts.
b. ___________________________
c. Adjacent to
diaphysis.
c. ___________________________
d. Enlarged chondrocytes arranged in
columns.
d. ___________________________
e. Causes expansion of growth
plate.
e. ___________________________
f. Collagen fibers become
calcified.
f. ____________________________
g. Provides new chondrocytes for other
zones.
g. ___________________________
h. Cements epiphysis to diaphysis.
h. ___________________________
21. The epiphyseal plate is also referred to as the:
_____________________________
22. Activity at the epiphyseal plate accounts for the
-______________________________
(lengthening/increase in diameter) of bone.
23. The epiphyseal plate becomes the ______________________ by age
____ in females and age ____ in males.
24. Bones increase in diameter when ________________________ secrete
bone on the _______________________ side and ____________________
reabsorb
bone on the ___________________ side.
25. Replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue is called:
___________________________.
26. List 3 benefits of remodeling.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
27. Identify 4 structural or behavioral characteristics of
osteoclasts.
____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
28. Normal bone growth depends on sufficient access to ____, ____,
and
____________.
29. Name 4 hormones that are important for normal bone growth and
remodeling.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
30. The hormone, __a__ is released in response to low blood Ca++.
It __b__ (stimulates/inhibits) osteoclasts and __c__ (causes/inhibits)
Ca++ reabsorption by the kidney.
a.
___________________________
b.
___________________________
c.
___________________________
31. The hormone, __a__ is released in response to high blood
Ca++. It __b__ (stimulates/inhibits) osteoclasts and __c__
(accelerates/inhibits)
Ca++ deposition into bones.
a.
___________________________
b.
___________________________
c.
___________________________
32. Bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or stresses placed
on it is referred to as: _____________________________.
33. A break in a bone is called a(n):
_____________________________
34. The realignment of the ends of a broken bone is termed:
_____________________________
35. List 4 lines of evidence to support Wolf's Law.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
36. Reduction done by a physician's hands is called:
_____________________________
37. Reduction done by pins or wires through surgery is called:
_____________________________
38. Identify the type of fracture based on the descriptions given
below.
a. The bone is
crushed.
_____________________________
b. Bone breaks incompletely; only in
children.
_____________________________
c. Bone breaks completely and cleanly, but
does not break skin.
_____________________________
d. Bone ends protrude through
skin.
_____________________________
e. Bone fragments into many
pieces.
_____________________________
f. Bone ends are forced into each
other.
_____________________________
39. During the blow that causes a fracture, broken blood vessels
occur
and a blood-filled swelling, called a __a__,
forms at the fracture site.
__b__ grow into the damaged area bringing __c__ cells that kill
bacteria
and clean up
cellular debri and repair cells such as __d__ from surrounding
connective tissue and __e__ from the periosteal and
endosteal layers. These
last 2 cell types construct a fibrocartilaginous __f__ that connects
ends
of the broken bone.
The __d__ secrete collagen and also give rise
to cartilage-secreting cells called __g__. __e__ and
bone-reabsorbing
cells called __h__, convert the fibrocartilage __f__ into a __i__
__f__. This __i__ __f__ is __j__ due to mechanical
stresses
placed upon it.
a. ____________________________ f.
____________________________
b. ____________________________ g.
____________________________
c. ____________________________ h.
____________________________
d. ____________________________ i.
____________________________
e. ____________________________ j.
____________________________
40. List 4 medical advances in bone repair.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
41. _____________________ is a group of diseases where bone
reabsorption
on endosteal surface outpaces bone
deposition on the periosteal surface.
42. Osteomalacia in children is called:
_____________________________
43. Osteomalacia is caused by a deficiency of:
_____________________________
44. The meeting of 2 or more bones is called a(n):
_____________________________
45. List 7 important risk factors for osteoporosis.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
46. __________________________ is a soft bone disorder where bones
are not properly mineralized.
47. The prefix for joint is:
_____________________________
48. List 2 functions of joints.
_____________________________
_____________________________
49. Only the ______________________ bone does not articulate with
another
bone.
50. Joints are classified based on their degree of mobility, a
_______________________
classification and based
on the presence or absence of a joint cavity and
kind of connective tissue present, a ________________________
classification.
51. Functionally, joints are classified as:
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
52. Structurally, joints are classified as:
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
53. An immovable joint is a(n): _____________________________.
54. __________________ joints have no joint cavity and the bones are
held together by fibrous connective tissue.
55. Slightly movable joints are:
_____________________________
56. Freely movable joints are:
_____________________________
57. _______________________ joints have no joint cavity
and the bones are held together by cartilage.
58. ______________________ joints possess a joint cavity.
59. Identify the general and specific kind of joint described by the
statements below.
a. Cone-shaped peg fits into
socket.
_____________________________
b. Large amounts of fibrous connective
tissue.
_____________________________
c. Periodontal ligament
anchors.
_____________________________
d. Articulating surfaces flat;
side-to-side
and back-and-forth
movements
permitted.
_____________________________
e. Between skull
bones.
_____________________________
f. Hyaline cartilage connecting
material.
_____________________________
g. Teeth in sockets of alveolar
process.
_____________________________
h. Ball-like surface of one bone fits into
socket created by
one or more
bones.
_____________________________
i. Distal ends of tibia and fibula;
shafts of radius and ulna.
____________________________
j. Irregular edges cause added strength and
decreases chance
of
break.
_____________________________
k. Between carpal and tarsal bones;
sternoclavicular
and
acromioclavicular joints;
superior and inferior articulating
surfaces
of vertebrae.
_____________________________
l. Rounded, pointed (or conical) surface
of one bone
articulates within a ring formed partly by
a bone and
ligament.
_____________________________
m. Between atlas and axis; proximal ends of
radius and ulna. ____________________________
n. Elbow, ankle, interphalangeal
joints.
_____________________________
o. Convex surface of one bone fits into
concave surface of
another
bone.
_____________________________
p. Movements are
triaxial.
_____________________________
q. Epiphyseal plate and first rib and sternum,
and costal
cartilages.
_____________________________
r. Between radius and
carpals.
_____________________________
s. Fibrocartilage connecting
material.
_____________________________
t. Bodies of vertebrae and pubis
bones.
_____________________________
u. Condyloid-oval shaped condyle of
one bone fits into
elliptical cavity of another
bone.
_____________________________
v. Articular surfaces of both bones
saddle-shaped,
concave
in one direction and convex in
the other.
_____________________________
w. Trapezium bone with metacarpal of
thumb.
_____________________________
x. Shoulder and hip
joints.
_____________________________
60. List 4 characteristics of synovial joints.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
61. The articular capsule is composed of 2 layers: an outer
layer
of dense connective tissue called the __a__ layer and an inner
layer of
loose connective tissue called the __b__. This __b__ secretes
__c__
that lubricates, nourishes, and protects the joint.
The fibers of
the outer layer are referred to as __d__. Accessory __d__, both
inside
and outside the joint add stability. The
epiphyseal ends of the bones
are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called the __e__. In
some synovial joints, pads of
fibrocartilage called __f__ cover the __e__
and allow the ends of bone to fit together more snugly.
a.
___________________________
b.
___________________________
c.
___________________________
d.
___________________________
e.
___________________________
f.
___________________________
62. Three incisions are made during arthroscopic surgery. The
first incision is for the __a__, the second incision is for the __b__,
and the third incision is for the __c__.
a.
___________________________
b.
___________________________
c.
___________________________
63. Sac-like, fluid-filled structures composed of connective
tissue that surround tendons, ligaments, in places where the skin rubs
over the bone are called: ___________________________
64. Inflammation of the structures in # 63 is called:
____________________________
65. Any painful state associated with supporting structures such as
bones, ligaments, joints, muscles, or tendons is
called:
____________________________
66. Identify the type of arthritis based on the descriptions given
below.
a. From aging, joint irritation, and
normal wear and abrasion.
_____________________________
b. Affects mainly weight-bearing
joints.
_____________________________
c. Autoiummune-set off by a virus.
_____________________________
d. Build-up of uric acid from breakdown
of nucleic acids.
____________________________
e. Abnormal tissue produced and adheres
to and erodes (by Ez) articular cartilages.
___________________________
f. Sodium urate crystals irritate cartilage
and cause swelling and pain.
_____________________________
g. Often effects the big
toe.
_____________________________
67. The overstretching of a muscle is called a(n):
_____________________________
68. A forcible wrenching and twisting of joint is a(n):
_____________________________
69. How is the medullary cavity formed in the femur?
____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
70. Distinguish between primary and secondary ossification centers.
_________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
71. What role does the enzyme alkaline phosphatase play in bone
formation?
__________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
72. How does bone grow in length?
_________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
73. How does bone grow in diameter?
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
74. How does calcitonin control blood Ca++?
__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
75. What advantage(s) does fibrocartilage have over hyaline and
elastic
cartilages? _____________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
76. Give an example of a cell that makes calcium soluble and of
another
cell that makes it insoluble. Describe how this change in solubility is
accomplished. ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
77. Describe the process of arthroscopic surgery.
______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
78. What is the key triggering stimulus for whether a mesenchymal cell or chondroblast develops the ability to form bone? ____________________________________________________________
79. How does rheumatoid arthritis differ from osteoarthritis?
_____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
80. Describe the difference(s) between articular cartilages and
articular
discs (or menisci). _______
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
81. Why can surgeons remove a section of the fibula bone and insert
that section into the space where a radius bone has been irrepairably
damaged
and the injured person eventually have a radius bone that is much like
the original? __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
82. What would be an appropriate topic sentence for question 17?